Physiology week 1

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

levels of structural organization

maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth

necessary life functions

Multicellular

Interdependence of body cells: Humans are ________________

Digestive system

Breakdown nutrients and eliminate unabsorbed matter

Respiratory system

Take in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide

Cardiovascular system

Blood distributes oxygen/nutrients to cells and delivers carbon dioxide/wastes to disposal organs

Integumentary system

Protects body from external environment

Urinary system

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions

Skeletal system

Protects, supports body organs, and provides a framework for muscle to cause movement

Muscular system

allows locomotion, maintains posture, produces heat

Nervous system

fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

Endocrine system

Glands that secrete hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, and metabolism

Lymphatic system/ immunity

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris; houses white blood cells

Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, & appropriate atmospheric pressure

survival needs

Homeostasis

"Staying the same" maintenance of relatively stable conditions

Negative feedback loops

Maintains homeostasis and is more __**stable**__ ; more common

Positive feedback loops

Away from homeostasis and more __**unstable;**__ exaggerates original stimulus;“call of arms”

Steps of negative feedback loop

stimulus, receptor, control center, effector, response

Afferent pathway of negative feedback loops

"Approach" control center; sensory nerves; toward central nervous system

Efferent pathway of negative feedback loops

"Exit" control center; motor nerves; away from central nervous system

homeostatic imbalance

a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

Dorsal and ventral body cavity

Two major body cavities

Dorsal body cavity

Protects nervous system; has two subdivisions: cranial & vertebral

Cranial cavity

encases the brain

Vertebral cavity

encases spinal cord

Ventral body cavity

houses internal organs; has two subdivisions: thoracic & abdominopelvic cavity

Thoracic cavity

contains heart and lungs; subdivision: two pleural cavities & mediastinum

Abdominopelvic cavity

contains both the abdominal and pelvic cavities

Abdominal cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver

Pelvic cavity

Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Serous membrane

Thin, double-layered membrane separated by serous fluid

Parietal serosa

Lines internal body cavity walls

Visceral serosa

Covers internal organs

right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant

abdominopelvic quadrants

Hypochondriac (left and right), epigastric, lumbar (left and right), umbilical, iliac (left and right), & hypogastric regions

9 abdominopelvic regions

Matter

anything that has mass and occupies space

Weight

Pull of gravity on matter

Solid, liquid, and gas

3 states of matter

Solid

Type of matter: Definite shape and volume

Liquid

Type of matter: Changeable shape; definite volume

Gas

Type of matter: Changeable shape and volume

Energy

Capacity to do work or put matter into motion

Kinetic and potential energy

Two basic types of energy

Kinetic energy

Energy in action

potential energy

Stored or inactive energy

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

major elements of the human body; 96.1%

Atoms

Building blocks for each element

Nucleus and electron cloud

2 regions of an atom

Protons

Positively charged particles

Neutrons

No charge particles

Electrons

Negatively charged particles

Molecule

Two or more atoms boned together

Compound

A molecule that contains at least two different elements

Mixtures

two or more components physically intermixed

Solutions, colloids, suspensions

3 types of mixtures

Solutions

A homogenous mixture meaning same composition throughout; salt water

Solvent

Substance present in the greatest amount

Solute

Present in smaller amounts

Colloids

Large solute particles do not settle out; jello

Suspension

Large, visible solutes that settle out; blood

Chemical bonds

energy relationships between electrons of reacting atoms

Octet rule (rule of 8's)

Except for the first shell, atoms interact to have 8 electrons in their valence shell

Ionic bonds

Occur when one atom gains one or more electrons from another atom loosing the electrons; Weak bond

Anion

A negatively charged ion

Cation

A positively charged ion

Covalent bonds

Formed by sharing two pairs or more valence shell electrons; strongest bond

Single bond

A pair of shared electrons

Double bond

two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms

Triple bond

three pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms

nonpolar covalent bond

a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms

Polar covalent bond

One or more atoms, sharing the electrons in a molecule, has a stronger pull for electrons result in having a more negative charge; water molecule

Hydrogen bonds

Very weak bonds; occurs when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to the electrostatic atom in another molecule

Chemical reactions

occur when chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken

Reactants and products

Two parts of a chemical reaction

Reactants

Number and kind of reacting substances

Products

Number and kind of ending substances

Synthesis reactions

Building up reactions; anabolic reactions; bond formation; reactants are smaller and products are larger; methane

Decomposition reactions

molecules are broken down into smaller molecules or atoms; breaking of bonds; catabolic reactions

Exchange reactions

Displacement reactions; bonds made and broken

Biochemistry

Study of chemical composition and reactions of living matter

Organic and inorganic

2 groups of chemical compounds

Organic

Contains carbon

Inorganic

Does not contain carbon

Salts

Ionic compounds that dissociate into ions in water

Acids and bases

Both are electrolytes (Ionize and dissociate in water)

Acids

Proton donors, release hydrogen ions in solution

Bases

proton acceptors (take up H+ from solution)

7 pH

neutral on the pH scale

Carbohydrates

the starches and sugars present in foods

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

3 types of carbohydrates

Monosaccharides

single sugar molecule

Disaccharides

Two sugar molecules; large enough so cannot pass through cell membranes

Polysaccharides

many sugars molecules; not very soluble

Functions of Carbohydrates

Major source of cellular energy and structural molecules

Lipids

contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and sometimes phosphorous; insolvable in water

Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and eicosanoids

main types of lipids

Triglycerides

one glycerol and three fatty acid tails

### Saturated fatty acids

Type of fatty acids: Single covalently boned carbon atoms, holds maximum hydrogen atoms; butter

Unsaturated fatty acids

Type of fatty acids: One or more double bonds between carbon atoms, fewer hydrogen atoms; olive oil

Trans fats

Type of fat: Oils made into solids by adding hydrogen atoms where double bonds occur; elevated risk of heart disease