water and vitamins

60-65%

total number of body weight in a typiical adult

Hypothalamu

• the brain center that initiates drinking behavior if the blood becomes too concentrated.

Electrolyte solution

•  the body fluid which contains water and partly dissociated salts

Sodium -

• can control the amount of water that can be retained in any given compartment.

Chloride

•  is the major negative ion of the extracellular fluids, where it occurs primarily in association with sodium

Potassium

can also control the amount of water that can be retained in any given compartment i

The acid-ash diet

diet consisting largely of meat or fish, eggs, and cereals with a minimal quantity of milk, fruit, and vegetables, that when catabolized leaves an acid residue to be excreted in the urine

The alkaline-ash diet

a therapeutic diet prescribed to increase alkalinity of the urine and dissolve uric acid and cystine urinary calculi

Vitamins

• Potent, essential, non-caloric, organic nutrients needed from food in trace amounts to perform specific functions that promote growth, reproduction, maintenance of health and life

Bioavailability

the rate and extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used

Precursor or provitamins

• These are compounds that can be changed to the active vitamins, they are potential vitamins.

Preformed vitamins

These are naturally occurring that in active form and ready for its biological role

Avitaminosis

• A condition resulting from lack of a vitamin in its later stage when more defined signs and symptoms will occur

Hypervitaminosis

• A vitamin toxicity or a condition is a result of excessive accumulation of a vitamin in the body.

Antivitamins or Vitamin antagonist

• vitamin antagonist

• These are substances that interfere with the normal functioning of a vitamin

• E.g. dicumanol against vitamin K

Synthetic vitamins

• Man-made or synthesized in the laboratory

• Does not substitute for normal intakes of vitamins from foods

• E.g. vitamin A and D are added to milk, fortified margarine

Vitamers

• Are multiple forms of a vitamin

• E.g. vitamin B6 - pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine

VITAMIN A

• Role in gene expression

• Role in vision

• Role in CHON synthesis

• Role in immunity

• Role in reproduction, growth and development

• Role as an antioxidant

XEROPHTHALMIA

abnormal dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea of the eye, with inflammation and ridge formation, typically associated with vitamin A deficiency

VITAMIN D

• Facilitate absorption of Ca and P

• Maintain optimal calcification of bones

RICKETS

he softening and weakening of bones in children, usually because of an extreme and prolonged vitamin D deficiency

OSTEOMALACIA

refers to a marked softening of your bones, most often caused by severe vitamin D deficiency

VITAMIN E

• Acts as antioxidant

• Prevent the breakdown of vitamin A and K and unsaturated fats

• Protects other substance from oxidation

• Important antioxidant effect in the lungs by protecting the lungs from air pollutants

VITAMIN K

• Help from prothrombin and other factors for blood clotting and bone formation

BERI-BERI

 resulted when bran in rice is removed to make whiter rice

PELLAGRA

resulted from LOW CHON diet and more in corn which low in TRYPTOPHAN

FORTIFICATION

the addition to a food of nutrients that were either not originally present or lost during process

ENRICHMENT

the addition to a food of nutrients to meet a specified standard

Infantile scurvy

The infant flexes his legs for comfort or the so-called “frog’s position” of the legs because the thighs are swollen and the joints are painful. Skeletal growth and dentition are delayed.

B1 or Thiamine

• Help in normal functioning of the nerve cells

WERNICKE-KORSAKOFF SYNDROME

• Deficiency of thiamine due to alcohol abuse

B3 or Niacin

Can be made from CHON, an AA tryptophan can be converted to niacin in the body

Pantothenic acid

Involved in more than 100 steps in the synthesis of lipids, steroid hormones, hemoglobin and neurotransmitter.

Biotin

Plays an important role in metabolism as a coenzyme that carries CO2

• Pellagra (diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia)

Deficiency of B3

Digestive and neurological disturbances

Deficiency of Pantothenic acid

• Skin rash, hair loss, neurological disturbances

Deficiency Symptoms of biotin

Folate (folic acid)

• Important in synthesis of heme

• Help in the treatment of SPRUE

• Essential in erythropoiesis

• Deficiency will result to anemia and GIT deterioration

• Antagonist are: alcohol, aspirin, contraceptive drug, smoking and anticonvulsant drugs prevents Neural Tube Defect 

• Activates vitamin B12; helps synthesize DNA for new cell growt

Deficiency of folic acid

Anemia; smooth, red tongue; mental confusion, elevated homocysteine

B12 or Cyanocobalamin

• Needs an INTRINSIC FACTOR (IF) for absorption from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream

• Tissues in the body that can contain highest concentration of B12 are kidneys, testes, brain, spleen, pancreas, bone marrow and muscles 

• Activates folate; helps synthesize DNA for new cell growth; protects nerve cells

Choline

• It mobilizes fats and prevents fatty liver

• Needed for fat transport as a constituent of phospholipids (cephalin)

• Integral component of acetylcholine that helps in the transmission of nerve impulses 

• deficiency may result to fatty liver

• Highest food sources are: egg yolk, liver, brain, kidneys, heart and legumes 

Taurine

• Added to milk formula to provide concentration similar to breastmilk

• Component of bile acids

• Regulator of heartbeat

• Important for retinal development and functions

• Best food sources are: fish oils and meat

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

• Synthesis of collagen, carnitine, hormones, Neurotransmitters; antioxidant

Scaly dermatitis, depression, confusion, convulsions, anemia

Deficiency Symptoms of vitamin c