Kidney 2

What is azotemia?

Accumulation of nitrogenous waste products and the clinical pathological manifestation of kidney disease

What is uremia?

Collection of clinical signs seen due to severe azotemia

What is the clinical manifestation of kidney disease?

Uremia

What is pyelonephritis?

Infection of kidney interstitium ± involvement of renal pelvis

What is anuria?

Urine production of less than 0.1ml/kg/hr

What is oliguria?

Urine production of less than 0.5 ml/kg/hr

What is polyuria?

Frequent urine output more than 50ml/kg/day or 2ml/kg/hr

What is polydipsia?

Increased drinking with water intake more than 90-100ml/kg/day (dogs)or more than 50ml/kg/day (cats)

What is pollakiuria?

Frequent abnormal urination in small amounts

What is stranguria?

Slow painful urination

What is dysuria?

Painful or difficult urination

What is periuria?

Urinating in inappropriate places

What is urinary incontinence?

Involuntary leakage of urine during storage phase of micturition process

What does the presenting complaint of a patient come in depend on?

Causative factor

Acute or chronic kidney injury

Stage of kidney disease

What are some details you should get from the owner?

Amount of water that is drunk

Frequency of urination

Volume of urine

Accidents in the house

Whether the urination process is normal

What can pets be exposed to do cause kidney problems?

Medications

Toxins

Infectious disease

What are the presenting complaints of kidney problems?

Lethargy, weight loss, depression, hyporexia or anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, halitosis, general abdominal pain, collapse, edema, acute onset blindness, changes in urination or drinking habits, dysuria, periuria, changes in urine color

What is periuria?

Peeing in the houes

What are the physical exam findings of renal disease?

Changes in weight, muscle, and BCS

Assess hydration status

Mucous membranes

Why are weight changes so important to discover with renal problems?

Early detection of weight changes can let you catch kidney problems early and have a better prognosis

What are patients with renal disease prone to with hydration status?

Dehydration or overhydration

What do you use to assess hydration status of a patients?

USG combined with blood abnormalities

Why can you not get fluids to patients with proteinuria?

They are prone to edema

What happens to mucous membranes during renal disease?

Anemia

Uremic oral ulcerations

Tongue tip necrosis

What are some bone changes during kidney disease?

Deformity of maxilla and mandible due to fibrous osteodystrophy due to congenital kidney disease

What age of patient usually gets maxilla and mandible dermoities?

Young due to congenital kidney diseases

What can you feel on abdominal palpation with kidney disease?

Size, shape and pain

What does a small and irregular kidney mean?

Chronic renal disease

What does an enlarged with hydronephrosis mean?

Polycystic kidney disease or acute

What does painful palpation of the kidneys indicate?

Pyelonephritis

What does a large bladder with a patient that recently urinated mean?

Polyuria

What does a large painful bladder without recent urination mean?

Lower urinary tract obstruction

What does a small bladder in an animal that has not urinated mean?

Anuria or oliguria

How can you use the state of the bladder to neurolocalize?

If you can easily express a bladder it is L4-S2 problem with paralysis

If you have paralysis and cannot express a bladder it is T3-L3 (UMN)

What do you look for during a rectal exam or urinary problems?

Prostate

What do you evaluation on prostate exam?

Size, symmetry, pain, firmness

What do you look for during a vulva exam?

Abnormal conformation

Discharge

Perivulvular dermatitis

Why do you do a fundic exam with renal disease?

Hypertension can cause retinal vascular tortuosity, hemorrhage, hyphema, and retinal detachment in the eye