The land is most expensive close to the city because there is a small supply and high demand
Transportation is most expensive in the outer rings because there is farther to travel

They are related inversely

The cost of land goes up and the cost of transportation goes down
The cost of transportation goes up and the cost of land goes down

Bid Rent Curve

Most expensive land closest to market

Least expensive far away

Explain to the degree it’s applicable today

It is more applicable to LDCs because they have less technology. It also assumes there is uniform flat land, good fertilization, an isolated state, and no trade

Uniform land does not apply

Mountains/lakes and other features block even land
climate and fertilization differed within a region

Rings somewhat apply

innovations such as railroads make it possible to transport forest items from farther distances
Refrigeration allows for products to last longer

The price of land and transportation are still relevant today

Does not fit MDCs

}}Subsistence and Commercial}}

<<Subsistence Ag:<<

Growing plants and animals for self and family

Shifting Ag: Changing land as fertility decreases
Crop rotation: Changing crops A → B → __ to give different nutrients to the soil
Slash and Burn: Cutting vegetation, burning an area, and planting on ash
Intertilage: Plant different seeds on the same plot of land
Pastoral Nomadism: Following domesticated animals (extensive)

<<Commercial Ag:<<

Plants and animals for sale (mass production and for $)

Mixed Crop and Livestock: The integration of crops and livestock; most of the crops are fed to animals rather than consumed directly by humans
Ranching: Livestock graze over an extensive area
Dairying: Specializes in the production of milk and other dairy products (intensive)
Large-Scale Grain Production:
Plantation Farming: Agriculture performed on a large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country
Market Gardening and Fruit Farming: Relatively small-scale production of fruits, vegetables, and other horticulture crops
Truck Farming: Gardening and fruit farming, so titled because the name came from a Middle English word meaning "bartering"

Compare

Subsistence

Mainly in developing countries, for family, more work, hand tools, animal power, smaller farms, produce less than commercial, mainly intensive

Commercial

Mainly in developed countries, cash crops, less engagement with nature (people buy food rather than growing it), less number of farmers, machinery, large farms, expensive business, goal to have increased yield, mainly extensive

Both

Profit from Ag, similar crops, climate rules still apply, both have innovations and technology but at different scales

Examples of crops

Both can grow the same crops as long it’s climate permitting. For example, corn is highly common in subsistence farms, but because of it’s high demand it is also a commercial product

Subsistence crops include wheat, corn, beans, grains, spices, rice etc

Commercial farming includes more cash crops (A crop that is grown for sale rather than the farmer’s own use) and luxury crops (Crops that are grown for profit but are not necessarily needed by a population) and include tobacco, sugarcane, corn, coffee, etc. In Mediterranean and truck farming, grapes, olives, citrus fruits, apples, and other specialty crops and fruit are grown

Impacts: Environmental, technological, demographic

Subsistence Impacts

Habitat Loss
Deforestation
Poor water quality
- Fertilizers and pesticides
Changes to the natural landscape
- Increased wetlands- the spread of rice paddies
Increased diseases
- Malaria
Increase in air pollution
- Smoke from slash and burn- rice paddies

Commercial Impacts

Poor air quality
- Spraying chemicals
Poor water quality
- Runoff: chemicals and soil erosion
Poor soil quality
- Erosion, decreased nutrients, chemicals
Modified biodiversity
- Monoculture (Monocropping)
- Destruction of natural landscapes and wetlands
Water issues
- Availability
- Irrigation

TY BIANCA I AM STEALING YOUR EFFECTS TABLE

Green Revolution

<<Green Revolution:<<

Started in Mexico to increase wheat production and led to the creation of miracle seeds, new fertilizers, pesticides, GMOs, and the rapid diffusion of new technology

→ Global grain production increased by 45% from 1940 to 1990

→ Asia increased rice production by 66% by 1985

→ India can to supply its own wheat and rice by 1980s

It was able to increase the yield of crops and reduced hunger and famine, but world hunger isn’t eliminated because of social and transportation problems

Environmental Impacts:

Pollution (water, soil, and air)
- Pesticides and chemicals
Health concerns- chemicals
Strain on water resources
- Conflict over water
- Irrigation systems
- Reroute water
Lack of genetic diversity in seeds
- Increased vulnerability to disease and pests
Increased fossil fuel consumption and pollution due to machines

Economic Impacts:

Technology reduces the need for human labor = less jobs
Higher level of crop failure due to less diversity = less income
Higher-yielding crops are not farmable in drier climates (Africa)
Increased economic inequality due to expensive $$ technologies and seeds
- LDCs and Periphery states impacted