Knowt
Chapter 9 Agriculture Topics
Von Thunen
Links
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1vddz61UVXtIwMDV2eYuVJ8Xp4VQLI-x8S92e7Gn4ies/edit
Rings: Product + Why
1: Closest to City - Intensive Farming/Dairying
Dairy cattle, Strawberries, Eggs, Lettuce, Tomatoes, Broccoli, Apples, Fruits, Vegetables
Without refrigeration, they need to be brought to the market quickly. They are near the city for convenient access
2: Forest
Wood, Lumber
It is heavy and difficult to transport, so it’s near the city to reach the market quickly
3: Extensive Feild Crops
Field Corn, Soybeans, Wheat, Grains
These crops are light and don’t spoil quickly, so it’s easy to transport and has no rush to reach the market
4: Farthest from City - Ranching/Animal Products
Beef Cattle, Feed Grains (Mixed Crop and Livestock)
Grains are grown to be fed to the animals. Animals can be far from the city because they are self-transporting
Based on costs
Farmers must consider the costs of land and transportation
The land is most expensive close to the city because there is a small supply and high demand
Transportation is most expensive in the outer rings because there is farther to travel
They are related inversely
The cost of land goes up and the cost of transportation goes down
The cost of transportation goes up and the cost of land goes down
Bid Rent Curve
Most expensive land closest to market
Least expensive far away
Explain to the degree it’s applicable today
It is more applicable to LDCs because they have less technology. It also assumes there is uniform flat land, good fertilization, an isolated state, and no trade
Uniform land does not apply
Mountains/lakes and other features block even land
climate and fertilization differed within a region
Rings somewhat apply
innovations such as railroads make it possible to transport forest items from farther distances
Refrigeration allows for products to last longer
The price of land and transportation are still relevant today
Does not fit MDCs
Subsistence and Commercial
Subsistence Ag:
Growing plants and animals for self and family
Shifting Ag: Changing land as fertility decreases
Crop rotation: Changing crops A → B → __ to give different nutrients to the soil
Slash and Burn: Cutting vegetation, burning an area, and planting on ash
Intertilage: Plant different seeds on the same plot of land
Pastoral Nomadism: Following domesticated animals (extensive)
Commercial Ag:
Plants and animals for sale (mass production and for $)
Mixed Crop and Livestock: The integration of crops and livestock; most of the crops are fed to animals rather than consumed directly by humans
Ranching: Livestock graze over an extensive area
Dairying: Specializes in the production of milk and other dairy products (intensive)
Large-Scale Grain Production:
Plantation Farming: Agriculture performed on a large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country
Market Gardening and Fruit Farming: Relatively small-scale production of fruits, vegetables, and other horticulture crops
Truck Farming: Gardening and fruit farming, so titled because the name came from a Middle English word meaning "bartering"
Compare
Subsistence
Mainly in developing countries, for family, more work, hand tools, animal power, smaller farms, produce less than commercial, mainly intensive
Commercial
Mainly in developed countries, cash crops, less engagement with nature (people buy food rather than growing it), less number of farmers, machinery, large farms, expensive business, goal to have increased yield, mainly extensive
Both
Profit from Ag, similar crops, climate rules still apply, both have innovations and technology but at different scales
Examples of crops
Both can grow the same crops as long it’s climate permitting. For example, corn is highly common in subsistence farms, but because of it’s high demand it is also a commercial product
Subsistence crops include wheat, corn, beans, grains, spices, rice etc
Commercial farming includes more cash crops (A crop that is grown for sale rather than the farmer’s own use) and luxury crops (Crops that are grown for profit but are not necessarily needed by a population) and include tobacco, sugarcane, corn, coffee, etc. In Mediterranean and truck farming, grapes, olives, citrus fruits, apples, and other specialty crops and fruit are grown
Impacts: Environmental, technological, demographic
Subsistence Impacts
Habitat Loss
Deforestation
Poor water quality
Fertilizers and pesticides
Changes to the natural landscape
Increased wetlands- the spread of rice paddies
Increased diseases
Malaria
Increase in air pollution
Smoke from slash and burn- rice paddies
Commercial Impacts
Poor air quality
Spraying chemicals
Poor water quality
Runoff: chemicals and soil erosion
Poor soil quality
Erosion, decreased nutrients, chemicals
Modified biodiversity
Monoculture (Monocropping)
Destruction of natural landscapes and wetlands
Water issues
Availability
Irrigation
TY BIANCA I AM STEALING YOUR EFFECTS TABLE
Green Revolution
Green Revolution:
Started in Mexico to increase wheat production and led to the creation of miracle seeds, new fertilizers, pesticides, GMOs, and the rapid diffusion of new technology
→ Global grain production increased by 45% from 1940 to 1990
→ Asia increased rice production by 66% by 1985
→ India can to supply its own wheat and rice by 1980s
It was able to increase the yield of crops and reduced hunger and famine, but world hunger isn’t eliminated because of social and transportation problems
Environmental Impacts:
Pollution (water, soil, and air)
Pesticides and chemicals
Health concerns- chemicals
Strain on water resources
Conflict over water
Irrigation systems
Reroute water
Lack of genetic diversity in seeds
Increased vulnerability to disease and pests
Increased fossil fuel consumption and pollution due to machines
Economic Impacts:
Technology reduces the need for human labor = less jobs
Higher level of crop failure due to less diversity = less income
Higher-yielding crops are not farmable in drier climates (Africa)
Increased economic inequality due to expensive $$ technologies and seeds
LDCs and Periphery states impacted
PREVIOUSLY RELEASED FRQS
2016 #3
FRQ - Page 4
https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/ap/ap16_frq_human_geography.pdf
Rubric - Pages 6-7
https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/ap/ap16_human_geography_sg.pdf
2014 #3
FRQ - Page 3
https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/ap/ap14_frq_Human_Geography.pdf
Rubric - Pages 7-8
2012 #2
FRQ - Page 3
https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/apc/ap_frq_human_geo_2012.pdf
Rubric - Pages 4-5
https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/apc/ap12_humangeographyscoring_guidelines.pdf
Chapter 9 Agriculture Topics
Von Thunen
Links
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1vddz61UVXtIwMDV2eYuVJ8Xp4VQLI-x8S92e7Gn4ies/edit
Rings: Product + Why
1: Closest to City - Intensive Farming/Dairying
Dairy cattle, Strawberries, Eggs, Lettuce, Tomatoes, Broccoli, Apples, Fruits, Vegetables
Without refrigeration, they need to be brought to the market quickly. They are near the city for convenient access
2: Forest
Wood, Lumber
It is heavy and difficult to transport, so it’s near the city to reach the market quickly
3: Extensive Feild Crops
Field Corn, Soybeans, Wheat, Grains
These crops are light and don’t spoil quickly, so it’s easy to transport and has no rush to reach the market
4: Farthest from City - Ranching/Animal Products
Beef Cattle, Feed Grains (Mixed Crop and Livestock)
Grains are grown to be fed to the animals. Animals can be far from the city because they are self-transporting
Based on costs
Farmers must consider the costs of land and transportation
The land is most expensive close to the city because there is a small supply and high demand
Transportation is most expensive in the outer rings because there is farther to travel
They are related inversely
The cost of land goes up and the cost of transportation goes down
The cost of transportation goes up and the cost of land goes down
Bid Rent Curve
Most expensive land closest to market
Least expensive far away
Explain to the degree it’s applicable today
It is more applicable to LDCs because they have less technology. It also assumes there is uniform flat land, good fertilization, an isolated state, and no trade
Uniform land does not apply
Mountains/lakes and other features block even land
climate and fertilization differed within a region
Rings somewhat apply
innovations such as railroads make it possible to transport forest items from farther distances
Refrigeration allows for products to last longer
The price of land and transportation are still relevant today
Does not fit MDCs
Subsistence and Commercial
Subsistence Ag:
Growing plants and animals for self and family
Shifting Ag: Changing land as fertility decreases
Crop rotation: Changing crops A → B → __ to give different nutrients to the soil
Slash and Burn: Cutting vegetation, burning an area, and planting on ash
Intertilage: Plant different seeds on the same plot of land
Pastoral Nomadism: Following domesticated animals (extensive)
Commercial Ag:
Plants and animals for sale (mass production and for $)
Mixed Crop and Livestock: The integration of crops and livestock; most of the crops are fed to animals rather than consumed directly by humans
Ranching: Livestock graze over an extensive area
Dairying: Specializes in the production of milk and other dairy products (intensive)
Large-Scale Grain Production:
Plantation Farming: Agriculture performed on a large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country
Market Gardening and Fruit Farming: Relatively small-scale production of fruits, vegetables, and other horticulture crops
Truck Farming: Gardening and fruit farming, so titled because the name came from a Middle English word meaning "bartering"
Compare
Subsistence
Mainly in developing countries, for family, more work, hand tools, animal power, smaller farms, produce less than commercial, mainly intensive
Commercial
Mainly in developed countries, cash crops, less engagement with nature (people buy food rather than growing it), less number of farmers, machinery, large farms, expensive business, goal to have increased yield, mainly extensive
Both
Profit from Ag, similar crops, climate rules still apply, both have innovations and technology but at different scales
Examples of crops
Both can grow the same crops as long it’s climate permitting. For example, corn is highly common in subsistence farms, but because of it’s high demand it is also a commercial product
Subsistence crops include wheat, corn, beans, grains, spices, rice etc
Commercial farming includes more cash crops (A crop that is grown for sale rather than the farmer’s own use) and luxury crops (Crops that are grown for profit but are not necessarily needed by a population) and include tobacco, sugarcane, corn, coffee, etc. In Mediterranean and truck farming, grapes, olives, citrus fruits, apples, and other specialty crops and fruit are grown
Impacts: Environmental, technological, demographic
Subsistence Impacts
Habitat Loss
Deforestation
Poor water quality
Fertilizers and pesticides
Changes to the natural landscape
Increased wetlands- the spread of rice paddies
Increased diseases
Malaria
Increase in air pollution
Smoke from slash and burn- rice paddies
Commercial Impacts
Poor air quality
Spraying chemicals
Poor water quality
Runoff: chemicals and soil erosion
Poor soil quality
Erosion, decreased nutrients, chemicals
Modified biodiversity
Monoculture (Monocropping)
Destruction of natural landscapes and wetlands
Water issues
Availability
Irrigation
TY BIANCA I AM STEALING YOUR EFFECTS TABLE
Green Revolution
Green Revolution:
Started in Mexico to increase wheat production and led to the creation of miracle seeds, new fertilizers, pesticides, GMOs, and the rapid diffusion of new technology
→ Global grain production increased by 45% from 1940 to 1990
→ Asia increased rice production by 66% by 1985
→ India can to supply its own wheat and rice by 1980s
It was able to increase the yield of crops and reduced hunger and famine, but world hunger isn’t eliminated because of social and transportation problems
Environmental Impacts:
Pollution (water, soil, and air)
Pesticides and chemicals
Health concerns- chemicals
Strain on water resources
Conflict over water
Irrigation systems
Reroute water
Lack of genetic diversity in seeds
Increased vulnerability to disease and pests
Increased fossil fuel consumption and pollution due to machines
Economic Impacts:
Technology reduces the need for human labor = less jobs
Higher level of crop failure due to less diversity = less income
Higher-yielding crops are not farmable in drier climates (Africa)
Increased economic inequality due to expensive $$ technologies and seeds
LDCs and Periphery states impacted
PREVIOUSLY RELEASED FRQS
2016 #3
FRQ - Page 4
https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/ap/ap16_frq_human_geography.pdf
Rubric - Pages 6-7
https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/ap/ap16_human_geography_sg.pdf
2014 #3
FRQ - Page 3
https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/ap/ap14_frq_Human_Geography.pdf
Rubric - Pages 7-8
2012 #2
FRQ - Page 3
https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/apc/ap_frq_human_geo_2012.pdf
Rubric - Pages 4-5
https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/apc/ap12_humangeographyscoring_guidelines.pdf