Photosynthesis

6 CO₂ + 12 H₂O

Reactants of Photosynthesis

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 H₂O + 6 O₂

Products of Photosynthesis

Chemical Definition of photosynthesis

Which definition of photosynthesis describes it as “Production of carbohydrates and oxygen in plants with CO₂ and water”?

Physics Definition of Photosynthesis

Which definition of photosynthesis describes it as “Conversion of light energy to chemical energy”?

Biological Definition of Photosynthesis

Which definition of photosynthesis describes it as “Production of food by plants”?

Photoautotrophic organisms

In what organisms does photosynthesis take place?

Produce their own food via light energy

The “Photoauto” in photoautotrophic means what?

Chlorophyll

What pigment is responsible for photosynthesis?

Thylakoid

These are folded membranes found inside chloroplastids

Granum

This is the terms used to describe a pile of thylakoids that are interconnected

Stroma

This is the term used to describe the matrix within a granum

Porphyrin Ring

This is the light-absorbing head of chlorophyll

Magnesium

The porphyrin ring of chlorophyll contains what element that is responsible for collecting the light?

Photosystem

This is a complex of proteins and pigments, primarily chlorophyll, that captures light energy during photosynthesis.

Photosystem

It is the functional unit responsible for light absorption and the subsequent transfer of electrons

Chlorophyll a

This is the main photosynthetic pigment found in all autotrophic organisms

Accessory Chlorophyll Pigments

This photosynthetic pigment absorbs different wavelengths of light and pass the energy to chlorophyll a

Chlorophyll b

This Accessory Chlorophyll Pigments is found in all true plants

Chlorophyll c

This Accessory Chlorophyll Pigments is found in golden brown and brown algae

Chlorophyll d

This Accessory Chlorophyll Pigments is found in red algae

Carotenoids

This substance is found in all photosynthetic pigments

Electromagnetic spectrum

This is the term for the entire range of EM radiation

Visible Light

This is the most important type of EM radiation for life

380-750 nm

Give the wavelength range for visible light

Red and Blue

What wavelengths does Chlorophyll a best absorbs in?

Green

What wavelengths does Chlorophyll a least absorbs in?

False, it should be absorbed

T/F: The light reaction can perform work with wavelengths of light that are reflected

Light reaction and Calvin Cycle

What 2 steps does photosynthesis undergo?

700 nm

At what wavelength does the chlorophyll molecule in Photosystem 1 absorb best?

680 nm

At what wavelength does the chlorophyll molecule in Photosystem 2 absorb best?

P1

What carries more energy? P1 or P2

Lose energy

As electrons jump from molecule to molecule during the light reaction, does it gain or lose energy?

Water

At the photosystem 2, where does P680 get its electrons from after losing energy?

H+ and O

At photosystem 2, water is broken down into what 2 molecules?

NADP+, 2 electrons, and a hydrogen ion

What components are needed to form NADPH

Light, Water, Chlorophyll molecules, NADP, ADP + P, and electron chain molecules

What are the 6 reactants in the Light reaction process?

ATP

ADP bound to P creates what molecule?

APP~P

APP bound to P creates what molecule?

NADPHe-, O₂, and ATP

What are the 3 products of the light reaction process?

Non-cyclic Electron flow

This type of electron flow involves both P1 and P2 and occurs in high order of plants

Cyclic Electron flow

This type of electron flow occurs in bacteria and only involves P1

Non-cyclic electron flow

What produces more energy? Cyclic or Non-Cyclic Electron Flow?

Light-induced damage

Cyclic electron flow may protect cells from what type of damage?

Calvin Cycle

This is the process of how plants turn CO₂ into glucose using energy from ATP and NADPH

In the stroma of the chloroplast

Where does the calvin cycle take place?

Ribulose Bisphosphate

This 5 carbon sugar is needed for the calvin cycle to start

Rubisco

What enzyme allows CO₂ to bind with Ribulose Bisphosphate?

Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase

What is the full name of Rubisco?

CO₂, NADPH, RBP, and Rubisco

Reactants of the Calvin Cycle

CHe-O2, G3P, NADP+, and ADP

Products of the Calvin Cycle

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

This product of the calvin cycle is used to make glucose

Carbon Fixation

This step of the calvin cycle is characterized by the attachment of CO₂ to Ribulose Bisphosphate

3-Phosphoglycerate

When CO₂ binds to RuBP, it forms an unstable 6-C compound that splits into what 3-C molecule?

ATP and NADPH

What 2 molecules are used to convert 3-PGA into G3P during the reduction step of the calvin cycle?

Reduction

This is the 2nd step of the calvin cycle characterized by the conversion of 3-PGA into G3P

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate

When ATP is added to 3-PGA during the reduction cycle, what is the product?

Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate

When NADPH is added to 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate during the reduction cycle, what is the product?

False

T/F: All of the G3P molecules created during the reduction phase will be used to build glucose to maximize food production

RuBP

Some G3P molecules will be used to regenerate what molecule during the regeneration phase?

Thylakoid Membrane

Where does the light reaction take place?

Convert light energy into ATP and NADPH

What is the main goal of the light reaction?

Use ATP and NADPH to make glucose

What is the main goal of the calvin cycle?

No direct light needed

Does the calvin cycle need light to occur?

Yes

Is the light reaction an oxygen releasing process?

No

Is the] calvin cycle an oxygen releasing process?

True

T/F: The calvin cycle uses CO₂ while the light reaction does not

False

T/F: The calvin cycle uses water while the light reaction does not

C4 Pathway

This pathway is usually used by plants when the stomata is closed and acts as an alternate way of collecting CO₂

Phosphoenolpyruvic acid carboxylase

This special enzyme is found in the C4 pathway and makes it possible for CO₂ to enter the cell despite the stomata being closed

Night

During what time of the day does the C4 pathway occur in plants found in deserts?

Crassulacen Acid Metabolism

This is the equivalent of the C4 pathway in plants found in deserts