PSYCH REVIEWER

Proponents of Psychology:

Sigmund Freud

•  “The Father of Psychoanalysis”

• Austrian Neurologist and Founder of Psychoanalysis

•  Controversial Theorist because his works are not scientific based

Lawrence Kohlberg

•  “The Father of Moral Psychology”

•  American Psychologist best known for his work on Moral Development

Ivan Pavlov

•  Russian Physiologist best known for his work on Classical conditioning

•  Won a Nobel Prize in Physiology and had no interest in Psychology whatsoever

John B. Watson

•  “The Father of Behaviorism”

•  Extended Pavlov’s work into Human Psychology

B.F. Skinner

•  Most known for his work on Operant Conditioning

•  Rejected the idea of “free will” and “introspection”

Edward Thorndike

•  Most known for his theory on “the Law of Effect”

•  He developed tests of mental ability still being used in schools today

•  His works influenced many of Skinner’s concepts

Structure of The Mind:

ID- “The Pleasure Principle” It operates on the unconscious driven by desires and instincts

Ego - “The Reality Principle” It acts as the Judge between the ID and Superego

Superego- “The Morality Principle” Suppresses the ID through morals, principles, and values

Stages of Psychosexual Development:

Oral Stage-

• Birth - 1 Year

• Focus - Mouth

• Adults with unresolved issues in this stage may result in developing habits such as smoking or drinking.

Anal Stage-

•  1 - 3 Years

•  Focus - Anus

•  Adults with unresolved issues may become either Anal-Retentive (overly neat) or Anal-Expulsive (messy and rebellious)

Phallic Stage-

•  3-6 years

•  Focus - Genitals (gender identity)

•  Adults with unresolved issues in this stage could cause problems with authority, sexual relationships, or gender confusion.

Latency Stage-

•  6 years - Puberty

•  Focus - Dormant Sexual Feelings

•  Adults with unresolved issues in this stage may experience difficult in social relationships

Genital Stage-

•  Puberty to Adulthood

•  Focus - Genitals (sexual relationships)

•  Adults with earlier unresolved issues can affect healthy relationships and emotional maturity.

Moral Dilemmas

•  It is a situation wherein one is presented with choices where one’s morals are being compromised

Samples of Moral Dilemma-

•  You’re on a lifeboat in the middle of the ocean with a group of strangers. The boat is overcrowded, and if you don’t throw one person overboard, everyone will drown. Do you decide to sacrifice one person to save the others, or do you risk everyone’s life by keeping them all on the boat?

•  You know your friend is guilty of breaking the rules, but they beg you to lie in front of the CSF and give false testimony to protect them. If you tell the truth, they could face a harsh punishment, but lying would make you an accomplice to the crime. Do you protect your friend by lying, or do you tell the truth and risk losing their friendship?

Stages of Moral Development:

Preconventional Level-

1.  Avoiding Punishment - Moral Reasoning is based on External Consequences

2.  Self-Interest - Moral Reasoning is based on Rewards or Personal Gains

Conventional Level-

1. Pleasing Others - Moral decisions are based on gaining approval of others or maintaining friendships.

2. Law and Order - Moral decisions are based on societal norms so that order in society can be maintained.

Postconventional Level-

1. Social Contract - Moral decisions are based on universal or personal ethics rather than rules or laws

2. Principle - Moral Decisions are based on Universal Ethics such as equality, justice, or human rights.

Classical Conditioning: Learning through Association

Operant Conditioning: Learning through Consequences

•  An Individual’s Behavior is influenced through Rewards or Punishments

•  Reinforcement - Done to encourage a good behavior or action

•   Positive Reinforcement - Giving something good or pleasing to the individual to encourage their good behavior.

•  Negative Reinforcement - Taking away something bad or displeasing from the individual to encourage their good behavior.

•  Punishment - Done to discourage a bad behavior or action

• Positive Punishment - Giving something bad or displeasing to the individual to discourage their bad behavior

•  Negative Punishment - Taking away something good or pleasing from the individual to discourage their bad behavior.