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Hyoid bone
Thyro-hyoid lamina
Thyroid cartilage
Superior Cornu
Inferior Cornu
Crico-thyroid ligament
Cricoid cartilage
Trachea
Epiglottis
Arytenoid cartilages
Corniculate cartilages
Vocal ligament
Epithelium
Lamina Propria - superficial layer
What is the Appoggio Technique?
Singing on the gesture of inhalation
What is the muscle in the vocal folds? Describe its theoretical division.
Thyroarytenoid muscleÂ
Divides in two parts:
Vocalis or Thyrovocalis: medial tensing (pitch control)
Thyromuscularis: quick shortening
What is the first stage of Titze’s breath cycle?
Inspiration: abdominal muscles and internal intercostals release - external intercostals contract - diaphragm contracts
What is the second stage of Titze’s breath cycle?
Expiration, first phase: rib cage and lung tissue want to return to the point of equilibrium (elastic recoil) aka (relaxation pressure).  (The pressure from recoil is sufficient to start the airflow; With a deep breath, the pressure from the recoil will be greater than desired, and the air pressure needs to be restrained somewhat by continued contraction of the diaphragm and/or activation of external intercostals. This is known as the Appoggio technique)
What is the third stage of Titze’s breath cycle?
Expiration, second phase: continues until no more elastic recoil - internal intercostals activate.
What is the fourth stage of Titze’s breath cycle?
Expiration, third phase: The abdominal muscles kick in.
Describe the Hyoid Bone
Horseshoe shaped with the opening at the back
Only free floating bone in the body
Kept in position (loosely) by muscle/ligaments- loosely jointed to superior cornu
Positioned above the thyroid cartilage
Define Intrinsic Musculature
Interconnects cartilages of the Larynx
Define Extrensic Musculature
connects larynx to other surrounding structures, e.g. sternum, hyoid bone, styloid process, ect.
Which muscle is the main pitch control and responsible for stretching and thinning the folds?
The cricothyroid muscle
How long are AMAB vocal folds?
 17-25mm (¾ -1 inch)
How long are AFAB vocal folds?
12.5-17.5 mm (½ - ¾ inch)
Which muscle is the main adductor of the vocal folds? Which part of the vocal folds does it adduct?
Lateral cricoarytenoids– adducts folds from anterior commissure to the vocal process.
What is Boyle’s Law?
Within a soft-walled enclosure, at a constant temperature, pressure and volume are inversely related.
Lamina propria - intermediate layer
Lamina Propria - deep layer
Thyroarytenoid muscle
Posterior Cricoarytenoid
Oblique interarytenoids
transverse interarytenoids
Lateral cricoarytenoid
Thyroarytenoid (thyromuscularis)
Thyroarytenoid (thyrovocalis)
Vocal ligament
Cricothyroid (pars oblique)
Cricothyroid. (Pars recta)
Name the 5 layers of the vocal folds and include any descriptions
Epithelium- layered scale-like (stratified squamous)
Lamina Propria (3 layers):
Superficial layer- mostly elastin (flexible) fibers
Intermediate layer- some elastin and collagen (rigid) fibers
Deep layer- mostly collagen fibers
Thyroarytenoid muscle
What is the glottis?
The space between the vocal folds