🧠 Psychology

OCEAN Traits

Openness → Creativity, curiosity (🔓 “open mind”)
Conscientiousness → Organized, disciplined (📅 “calendar brain”)
Extraversion → Outgoing, energetic (🎉 “party person”)
Agreeableness → Kind, cooperative (🤝 “gets along”)
Neuroticism → Emotional instability (😬 “negative emotions”)

👶 FREUD - Core Idea

Personality = unconscious + childhood experiences

👶 FREUD - Life Instinct (Libido)

Drives survival, pleasure, avoiding pain (🍔❤)

👶 FREUD - Death Instinct

Drives aggression, risky or harmful behavior (💀)

👶 FREUD - ID

Pleasure principle → “I want it NOW” (👶)

👶 FREUD - Ego

Reality principle → logical mediator (⚖)

👶 FREUD - Superego

Morality → right vs wrong (👼)

👶 FREUD - Levels of Consciousness

Conscious → aware now
Preconscious → retrievable
Unconscious → hidden desires

🛡 DEFENSE MECHANISMS - 8

RRRRDDPS

1. Repression → Forget it completely

2. Reaction Formation → Act opposite

3. Rationalization → Justify behavior

4. Regression → Revert to childlike state

5. Denial → Refuse reality

6. Displacement → Redirect emotions

7. Projection → Blame others

8. Sublimation → Channel into good (🎨 instead of 🔪)

👶 FREUD - Development stages 5

Oral (0–1) → Mouth (🍼)
Anal (1–3) → Toilet training (🚽)
Phallic (3–6) → Genitals, Oedipus/Electra
Latency (6–12) → Dormant
Genital (12+) → Intimacy

👶 FREUD - Fixation

Unresolved stage → adult issues later

👥 PSYCHOSOCIAL - Erikson’s stages (8)

Trust vs Mistrust → infancy (0-1)
Autonomy vs Shame → early childhood (1-3)
Initiative vs Guilt → preschool (3-5)
Industry vs Inferiority → school (5-12)
Identity vs Role Confusion → teen (12-18)
Intimacy vs Isolation → young adult (18-40)
Generativity vs Stagnation → midlife (40-65)
Integrity vs Despair → old age (65+)

🌱 HUMANISTIC - People of the perspective

Maslow → Self-actualization is the goal (hierarchy of needs, full potential)
Rogers → Unconditional positive regard → healthy self

🌱 HUMANISTIC - Rogers’ Incongruence

Mismatch: real self vs ideal self

🐶 BEHAVIORISM - Classical Conditioning

Association learning (Pavlov dog 🐶🔔)

🐶 BEHAVIORISM - Operant Conditioning

Learning via rewards/punishments. Skinner → behavior shaped by reinforcement

🐶 BEHAVIORISM - Positive Reinforcement

Add good → increase behavior

🐶 BEHAVIORISM - Negative Reinforcement

Remove bad → increase behavior

🐶 BEHAVIORISM - Positive Punishment

Add bad → decrease behavior

🐶 BEHAVIORISM - Negative Punishment

Remove good → decrease behavior

⏱ REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES

Fixed Ratio → reward after set # (☕ loyalty card)
Variable Ratio → random reward (🎰 slot machine)
Fixed Interval → reward after time (⏰ paycheck every 2 weeks)
Variable Interval → random time (📱 checking phone)

🧠 SOCIAL COGNITIVE - Bandura

Bandura → learning via observation

🧠 SOCIAL COGNITIVE - Bobo Doll Study

Kids imitate aggressive behavior

🧠 SOCIAL COGNITIVE - Bandura’s Reciprocal Determinism

Behavior ↔ Cognition ↔ Environment

🧩 LEARNING TYPES

Latent Learning → learned but not shown until needed
Insight Learning → sudden “aha!” 💡

🧬 BIOLOGICAL + GENETICS - Heritability

Heritability → % variation from genetics

🧬 BIOLOGICAL + GENETICS - Shared Environment

Same for siblings

🧬 BIOLOGICAL + GENETICS - Nonshared Environment

Unique experiences

🧬 BIOLOGICAL + GENETICS - Epigenetics

Environment changes gene expression

❤ ATTITUDE (ABC)

Affect → feelings
Behavior → actions
Cognition → thoughts

⚡ COGNITIVE DISSONANCE

Discomfort from conflicting beliefs → change attitude

🔥 MOTIVATION - Drive

Drive = arousal from need (thirst)

🔥 MOTIVATION - Drive Reduction Theory

Act to restore homeostasis

😃 EMOTION THEORIES - James-Lange

James-Lange → body → emotion
“I am afraid because my heart races”

😃 EMOTION THEORIES - Cannon-Bard

Cannon-Bard → same time
Emotion + arousal simultaneously

😃 EMOTION THEORIES - Schachter-Singer

Schachter-Singer → label + arousal
Emotion depends on interpretation

🧠 LIMBIC SYSTEM

Thalamus → sensory relay
Hypothalamus → homeostasis
Hippocampus → memory
Amygdala → fear/emotion

😰 STRESS - Components

Sympathetic NS → fast (epi/norepi)
HPA axis → slow (cortisol)

😰 STRESS - General Adaptation Syndrome

Alarm → Resistance → Exhaustion

⚖ CONFLICT TYPES

Approach-Approach → 2 good
Avoid-Avoid → 2 bad
Approach-Avoid → 1 good + bad
Double Approach-Avoid → both mixed

😴 SLEEP

Alpha → relaxed
Theta → light sleep
Delta → deep sleep
REM → dreaming

🧠 MEMORY - Working memory

Working memory = 7 ± 2 items

🧠 MEMORY - Types

Explicit → conscious
Implicit → unconscious

🧠 MEMORY - Explicit Types

Semantic → facts
Episodic → events

🧠 MEMORY - Implicit Types

Procedural → skills

🔁 INTERFERENCE

Proactive → old blocks new
Retroactive → new blocks old

🧩 PIAGET

Sensorimotor → object permanence
Preoperational → egocentrism
Concrete → logic
Formal → abstract thinking

⚖ KOHLBERG

Preconventional → avoid punishment
Conventional → follow rules
Postconventional → ethics

🧠 PROBLEM SOLVING

Algorithm → guaranteed solution
Heuristic → shortcut

⚠ BIASES (HIGH-YIELD)

Confirmation Bias → seek supporting evidence
Availability Heuristic → recall easy examples
Hindsight Bias → “I knew it”
Belief Perseverance → stick to beliefs

🗣 LANGUAGE

Broca’s Area → speech production
Wernicke’s Area → comprehension

💊 DISORDERS - Depression

Low serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine

💊 DISORDERS - Schizophrenia

Positive = hallucinations, delusions
Negative = lack of motivation

💊 DISORDERS - Bipolar I

Mania required

💊 DISORDERS - Bipolar II

Hypomania + depression

💥 ADDICTION

Tolerance → need more
Withdrawal → opposite effects
Dopamine → nucleus accumbens

Primary vs Secondary Reinforcer

Primary = biological
Secondary = learned (money)

Extinction

Behavior weakens when reinforcement stops

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Optimal arousal = best performance (📈 inverted U)

Encoding Specificity

Recall best in same context as learning