Chapter 5: Empires War & The Transformation of Indian Country

The _______ League was a political alliance among five Native American groups located south of Lake Ontario

Iroquois

What was true of Spain's North American colonies in 1750?

They were small compared to their colonies in Mesoamerica, the Caribbean, and South America

Florida was most strategically important because of its military bases

During Queen Anne's War, France did not attack New York because it had previously signed a peace treaty with the colony's ___________ allies

Iroquois

During the war of Jenkins's Ear, Britain and North American colonists primarily fought against ___________

Spain

Which Native American groups of the upper Ohio River valley were driven westward by land-hungry Pennsylvanian settlers and their Iroquois allies?

the Shawnee and Delaware peoples

According to scholars, why was the Iroquois League likely originally formed?

to end a period of constant warfare among Native American groups in the years immediately preceding European contact

What was true of France's North American colonies in 1750?

French traders and missionaries prospered and founded settlements from Canada down to New Orleans

About 65,000 colonists lived in France's North American colonies

Queen Anne's War began __________

over the proposed unification of the French and Spanish monarchies

What was true of the War of Jenkins's Ear?

It later became part of a wider struggle with France and Spain over control of the Hapsburg monarchy in Austria

Britain and its North American colonists fought with Spain over trade issues on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean

Which group of Native Americans, who had been recruited and armed by South Carolina to attack Florida, became the region's leading military power?

the Creeks

Western __________ people of the northern plains gradually incorporated European horses, guns, and ammunition into their hunting practices, shifting political relations between them and their neighbors

Sioux

Why did the "Indian liquor trade" continue despite attempts to regulate or ban it?

Colonists worried that Native Americans would provide fewer skins and furs for European markets if they did not trade liquor for those items

Why did trade to Britain American colonies skyrocket between 1720 and 1770?

More manufactured commodities were available to import

American colonists had more money to spend on imported goods

In southeastern Texas in the early 1700s, French and Spanish colonists competed to establish diplomatic and trade relations with powerful __________ people

Caddo

What European commodities were Native Americans most likely to purchase in the 1700s?

weapons

woolen textiles

What was Britain's "empire of goods" in the 1740s?

a system of commercial exchange that linked people around the globe through the commodities they consumed

In 1711, England, Ireland, Scotland, and the North American colonies __________

began sharing a common postal system

What was true of the Plan of Union proposed at the 1754 Albany Convention?

the plan was proposed by Benjamin Franklin

it proposed creating a single governing body for defense purposes across the colonies

How did the French respond in the 1700s when British settlers and speculators from Pennsylvania and Virginia began entering Ohio country and trading with Native Americans there?

they began building forts to protect their claims to the region

How did the events at Fort William Henry in 1757 weaken the alliance between the French and Native Americans?

Native Americans did not adhere to the surrender terms negotiated between the French and British

What did the British Parliament do in 1711 to begin to build a communications infrastructure?

it linked the mail systems of England, Ireland, Scotland, and North America into a single bureaucracy

In 1754, delegates from seven colonies gathered at a convention in __________ to coordinate plans for common defense and to strengthen their alliance with the Iroquois League

Albany

Major George Washington led a force of colonists from __________, along with Mingo warriors commanded by Tanaghrisson, to attack Fort Duquesne

Virginia

While fighting the French and Indian War in North America in 1756, Britain and France also became involved in __________ in Europe

the Seven Years' War

What two major policy shifts in 1758 improved Britain's standing in the French and Indian War?

Parliament used deficit spending to cover the material costs of the war

British colonists improved their relationships with Native Americans in the Ohio territory by honoring land claims and returning land

The Treaty of Paris greatly expanded the territorial holdings of which nation?

Great Britain

By 1758, what major advantages did the British have over the French in the French and Indian War?

Britain's relationship with Native Americans had improved, while France's had deteriorated

they had a larger number of troops

What was the perspective of many American colonists following the French and Indian War?

they claimed credit for having won the war

they resented British martial law and found British officers arrogant

some wondered why they had risked their lives to capture Caribbean islands for Britain

Why did Spain enter the FRench and Indian war on the side of France in 1762?

The Spanish sought to prevent a radical shift in Europe's political balance

The Spanish wanted to halt Britain's imperial expansion

To help pay for war costs, Parliament passed the 1764 __________ Act sought to ensure payment of an import tax on a key commodity

Sugar

The city of __________ was established in 1763 on land ceded to Spain, but it had a predominantly French population and character

St. Louis

Acadian refugees from the __________ region settled in many areas but eventually concentrated in large numbers in French-speaking Louisiana

Nova Scotia

How had Great Britain funded the French and Indian War?

loans from wealthy private investors

significant tax hikes

Why did the American colonists react so negatively to the passage of the 1764 Sugar Act?

they were accustomed to paying much lower taxes than residents of Great Britain

After Britain took control of New France in 1763, which groups left the region in large numbers?

French soldiers

French colonial officials

The Acadians who migrated to French Louisiana in the late 1700s formed a new __________ culture that is still evident today

Cajun

Why did Spain enter the French andIndian War on the side of France in 1762?

the Spanish wanted to halt Britain's imperial expansion

the Spanish sought to prevent a radical shift in Europe's political balance

In 1763, Pontiac made what arguments?

the British people should be purged from the Great Lakes and the Ohio Valley

Native Americans of various ethnicities should band together to collectively fight whites

The Proclamation Line of 1763 __________

established the Appalachian Mountains as the western border of Euro-American settlement

Who were the Paxton Boys?

a vigilante group of white Pennsylvanians who murdered Conestogas during the war with Pontiac

Why were many Native Americans alarmed by the Treaty of Paris?

they resented that they were not included in the negotiations and white people made decisions about indigenous land

since Britain was now the sole colonial power in eastern North America, Native Americans could not form strategic alliances between competing European powers

In 1763, why were British leaders especially interested in honoring Native American land rights stipulated in the Easton Treaty and the Treaty of Paris?

Pontiac's Rebellion had shown that Native Americans were prepare to wage war to defend their lands

Anglo-Protestant migrants would be more likely to move to Canada and Florida where European Catholics had dominated

Restricting white settlement in the west would make the colonies easier and cheaper to administer

The Paxton Boys of __________ advocated a violent approach to clearing Native American land on the western frontier

Pennsylvania

Edmund Andros

He was a New York governor who initiated diplomatic relationships with the Iroquian Mohawk. He wanted to arrange peace and expand political authority.

Convenant Chain

Formed by Edmund Andros, it was a pattern of councils and treaties between New York and the Iroquios League.