American History Exam 1

Elastic Clause

allows congress to do what is “necessary and proper” for new or modern issues

Bill of Rights

The 1st 10 Amendments to the Constitution

Democracy

rule by the people; citizens vote directly on a policy

Republic

representatives chosen by the people’s vote

Noah Webster

History of the United States

Legislative

makes laws;

Executive Branch

enforces the laws;

Judicial Branch

Interprets the laws;

Checks and Balances

each branch of government “checks” and watches over the other branches so that they do not abuse their power

Massachusetts and Connecticut

state religions were strictly enforced

Maryland

haven for Catholics

Rhode Island

known for religious freedom

Baptists

led the fight for religious freedom (Isaac Backus)

Alexis de Tocqueville

Democracy in America (evaluation of American life)

Napoleon Bonaparte

overthrew the directory and sought to cooperate with American needs

Naturalization Act

increased the time of citizen eligibility based on residence from 5 years to 14 years

Alien Friends Act

authorized the president to order out of the country any aliens he deemed dangerous or suspicious

Alien Enemies Act

authorized the president in time of declared war to imprison or banish aliens subject to enemy power

Sedition Act

made it a crime to hinder the enforcement of a law; made it a crime to publish false scandalous and malicious statements against the government

Kentucky and Virginia Legislatures

resolutions condemning the Alien and Sedition Acts

12th Amendment

ended the election of opposing parties

Judiciary Act of 1801

creation of 16 new Federal Judges

1803

Louisiana Purchase

1812-1815

War of 1812

1814

Treaty of Ghent

1815

Battle of New Orleans

Thomas Jefferson

1801-1809

James Madison

1809-1817

Jefferson Era

power transferred from the Federalists to the Republicans; one of the most important periods of American politics

James Madison

Jefferson’s secretary of state

Albert Gallatin

Swiss financier who served as Jefferson’s Secretary of the Treasury

West Point

military academy in New York

Marbury vs. Madison

Judges appointed by Adams lost their positions after Jefferson withheld their appointments

Judicial Review

The Supreme Court can nullify an unconstitutional act of Congress

Sacagawea

personal guide to L&C

Zebulon Pike

explored the southern portion of the Louisinia purchase (discovered “Pike’s Peak” in Colorado)

Aaron Burr

Jefferson’s 1st Vice President

Tripoli

A small nation in North Africa that was part of the Barbary States

Stephen Decatur

Lieutenant who led America’s navy in the Tripolitan War

1805

bombing of Tripoli

Impressment

England continued to force American sailors to join the British navy

Embargo Act

the stopping of American ships from trading with any European nation

Non-Intercourse Act (1809)

reopened trade with Europe except England and France

Macron Bill (1810)

opened trade with all nations

The Prophet

Shawnee medicine man; died in this battle

Tecumseh

Shawnee chief; brother of The Prophet who would lead a union of North American tribes against America

state’s rights movement

What did the Alien Enemies Act and Sedition Act result in

Adams, Jefferson, and Aaron Burr

Who were the 3 major candidates in the 1800 election

Thomas Jefferson

Who did the House of Representatives chose to become president

Midnight appointments

What are John Adam’s appointments called

Federalist

What officials did Jefferson not immediately remove

Robert Livingston

Who went to France to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans

15 million

How much money was all of Louisinia offered

Louisiana Purchase

What is known as the greatest real estate deal in American history

Mandan Indians

Who helped Lewis and Clark on their journey

Alexander Hamilton

Who did Aaron Burr kill

Barbary States

What was the Tripoli a part of

James Madison

Who did Thomas Jefferson support who ended up winning the election

England and France

What 2 countries did the US not trade with after the Non-Intercourse act

Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun

What 2 politicians demanded war with England

William Henry Harrison

Who defeated the North American tribes in 1811

June 18, 1812

What date did America declare war on England

1789

Judiciary Act (Federal Court System)

1792

Mint Act

1801

Judiciary Act (Midnight Appointments)

George Washington

1789-1797

John Adams

1797-1801

George Washington

Inaugurated in 1789

Attorney General

handled legal affairs of the government

Postmaster General

oversaw post offices and post roads

Cabinet

President’s closest advisors

Thomas Jefferson

Secretary of state

Alexander Hamilton

Secretary of the Treasury

Henry Knox

Secretary of War

Edmund Randolph

Attorney General

Samuel Osgood

Postmaster General

John Jay

1st chief justice of the supreme court

Domestic Debt

Debt owed to investors (Bonds) and (pay certificates)

Bank notes

Paper money cashed in for gold and silver

Strict Construction

argued the constitution should be interpreted as it was written

Loose Construction

The constitution contains implied powers

Protective Tariffs

Taxes on imported goods

Excise tax

Laws that would tax homemade products

1789

The storming of the Bastille; start of the French Revolution

Louis VXI

king during the Revolution

Citizen Genet

French diplomat who sought to garner support for the Revolution

Impress

“kidnapping” and forcing American’s into the British Navy

John Jay

Chief Justice who travelled to Great Britain to negotiate a treaty

Jay Treaty (1795)

did not meet America’s standards

Thomas Pinckney

sent to negotiate a treaty with Spain

Pinckney Treaty

formed an official border between English territory and Spanish Florida

Northwest Territory

opened for American colonization

Battle of Fallen Timbers

American troops under the leadership of General Anthony Wayne defeated the Native Americans and began to colonize the Northwest

XYZ Affair

An attempt to negotiate peace with France

Department of the Navy

created in 1798 in preparation for war

Bastille

What building did the French storm to begin the French Revolution

Constitutional Republic

What type of government is America

Congress

Who leads the Legislative branch

President

Who leads the Executive Branch

Supreme Court

Who leads the Judicial Branch