APWH Units 1 and 2

U1: Islam Unit 1

Abbasid Caliphate, Mamluk Sultanate, Delhi Sultanate

U1: China Golden Age

Song Dynasty

U1: Song Dynasty

A period of significant cultural, economic, and technological advancement in China from the 10th to the 13th centuries, noted for innovations like papermaking and printing.

U1: Yuan Dynasty

Mongol Established Dynasty that replaced the Song Dynasty, Continued many of the Song Dynasty’s policies and practices. The Yuan Dynasty, established by the Mongols, integrated Chinese and Mongolian culture while promoting trade and commerce across Asia.

U1: Largest Contiguous land empire

Mongols, established by Genghis Khan in the 13th century, known for its vast expanse from East Asia to Europe, enabling extensive trade and cultural exchange.

U1: Byzantine Empire

Succeeded the Roman Empire in the Eastern Mediterranean, known for its cultural, political, and economic influence

• In decline after the fall of Constantinople in 1453, marking the end of Christian rule in the region

• Remained a significant political and cultural force in the Eastern Mediterranean

U1: Silk Road

Network of overland trade routes. Connected East Asia and the Mediterranean. It facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultures between diverse civilizations. Mongol empires controlled Silk Roads.

U1: Indian Ocean Trade Network

A maritime trade network that connected East Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, and Southeast Asia, facilitating the exchange of goods such as spices, textiles, and precious metals.

-Facilitated by Monsoon Winds

-Swahili city-states (Kilwa) and port cities (Calicut) emerged as important trade hubs

U1: Trans-Saharan trade route

Linked West Africa and Mediterranean.

-Gold, Salt, and Slaves

U1: developments in Islam

Refers to the rapid expansion of Islam during the 7th and 8th centuries, characterized by the establishment of caliphates, the spread of Islamic culture and scholarship, and the consolidation of religious practices.

-Sufi mysticism gained popularity

-Syncretism with local beliefs

U1: Christianity

-Roman Catholic Church held considerable political and spiritual authority in Western Europe

-Eastern Orthodox Church dominated religious life in the Byzantine Empire and Eastern Europe

U1: Neo-Confucianism

Philosophical movement that developed in China during the Song Dynasty, blending Confucian ideas with elements of Buddhism and Daoism, emphasizing morality, social ethics, and the importance of education.

U1: Buddhism

A major world religion that originated in ancient India, founded on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha). It emphasizes the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path as a means to attain enlightenment and liberation from the cycle of rebirth.

U1: Hinduism

A major world religion originating in the Indian subcontinent, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a wide variety of deities and practices.

U1: Islamic Golden Age

A period of cultural, economic, and scientific flourishing in the Islamic world, typically dated from the 8th to the 14th century, notable for advancements in various fields such as mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and philosophy.

Innovations in architecture included the development of intricate mosques, palaces, and gardens, showcasing advanced techniques and artistry.

U1: Agricultural Innovations

New Crops and farming techniques that improved food production, including crop rotation and irrigation methods.

Champa rice from Vietnam spread to China.

U1: Military Advancements

Gunpowder Weapons

U1: Islamic Political Structures

Mamluks: Slave-soldier elite, ruled Egypt and Syria, Successfully repelled Mongol invasions

Delhi: Established by Turkic and Afghan rulers, controlled much of the Indian subcontinent

U1: Feudalism

A system of land ownership and special obligations that characterized medieval European social and political organization, where lords owned land and vassals served them in exchange for protection and land use

Decentralized political authority and raise of the nobility

Growth of towns and cities led to increased political and economic autonomy

U1: Agricultural production

• Foundational for most societies

• Feudal system in Europe and Japan characterized by lords, vassals, and serfs

• Iqta system in the Islamic world, where rulers granted land revenue rights to military commanders

U1: Urban growth and Expansion

• Merchant class and guilds in Europe and Islam

• Scholarly-gentry class in China based on merit and Confucian ideals resulted in increased trade, cultural exchanges, and urbanization, impacting social structures and economies.

U1: Slavery and forced labor

• Trans-saharan slave trade supplied labor to Islamic societies

• plantation slavery in the Mediterranean and the Americas

U1: Gender Roles and Social Hierarchies

• Patriarchal structures were common

• Women played Roles in trade, religion, and politics (Southeast Asia)

• Footbiding (China)

• Social Hierarchies: Birth, Wealth, Occupation shaped social interactions and opportunities

U1: Art Developments

Islam

• Unique architectural styles (mosque, madrasas)

• Calligraphy and decorative arts (carpets, ceramics)

Medieval Europe

• Gothic architecture

• Construction for grand cathedrals (Notre-Dame, Chartres) showcased wealth and piety of European Societies

China (Song and Yuan)

• Landscape painting and poetry reflected Confucian and Daoist Ideals

• Porcelain production and blue and white ceramics became renowned exports

Intellectual Developmet

• Philosophy, theology, and science

• Scholasticism (Europe) sought to reconcile Christian theology with classical philosophy

• Islamic philosophers contributed to logic, metaphysics, ethics

• Neo-Confucianism (China) synthesized Confucian, Buddhist, and Daoist ideas

Oral traditions and literature

U1: Environemtneal and Demographic Changes

Medieval Warm Period (950-1250)

• Improved agricultural conditions and population growth

• Expansion of agrculture in Europe and Asia

• Viking settlements in Iceland, Greenland, and Newfoundland

The Little Ice Age (1300-1850)

• Cooler temperatures and more erratic weather patterns

• Famines, crop failures, population declines

Black Death (1347-1351)

• Pandemic of Bubonic plague

• Estimated to have killed 30-60% (Europe)

• Social, economic, and religious upheavels

Mongol Conquests and expansion of trade networks

• Spread Black Death along Silk Roads

• Introduced new diseases to the Americas

Urbanization and growth of cities

• challenges in sanitation and public health

• Inadequate waste disposal

• Contaminated Water supplies

U2: Key Trade Routes and Networks

• Silk Road (Silk, spices, precious stones, ideas)

• Indian Ocean (Spices, textiles, precious metals)

  • Dictated by Monsoon Winds

  • Swahili city-states flourished as trading hubs (Kilwa, Mombasa)

• Trans-Saharan

  • Caravans (Gold, salt, and slaves)

  • Oasis cities (Tibuktu, Gao) important trading centers along the route

• Maritime trade (Mediterranean Sea)

• Hanseatic Leage (Confederation fo merchant guilds

• Incense trade routes linked the Arabian Peninsula with the Mediterranean and East Africa (Frankincense and Myrrh)

• Expansion of Mongol Empire facilitated increased trade and cultural exchange

U2: Major Trade Centers and Empires

Song Dynasty

• Economic growth and urban development, major trading hub cities

Islamic Caliphates

• Abbasid Caliphate

• Fostered trade and cultural exchange

• Baghdad became a center of learning and commerce

• Cairo, under the Ftimid Caliphate, emerged as a major trading centers connecting the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean

Italian Dominated trade

• Venice and Genoa

Mongol Empire

• Under Genghis Khan and his successorsVast trade network created

• Silk roads flourished under their protection and infrastructure improvements

• Mongol capital (Karakorum) became a cosmopolitan center of trade and cultural exchange

Mali Empire (1235-1670)

• West Africa

• Controlled trans-Saharan gold trade (Tibuktu became major center of Islamic learning)

Aztec Empire (1428-1521)

• Developed a complex trade network and market system

• Capital city of Tenochtitlan

U2: Technological Advancements in Transportation

Magnetic Compass

• Invented in China

• Enabled longer sea Voyages

• Adopted by Arabs and Persians and Europeans

Lateen Sail

• Triangular sail

• Allowed ships to sail against the wind

• Improved Maneuverability

• Originated in the Indian Ocean and spread to the mediterranean and Atlantic

Caravanserai

• A roadside inn that provided lodging for merchants

• Commonly found a long the Silk Roads

• Facilitated long-distance travel

• Promoted opportunities for exchange

Camel Caravans

• Revolutionized trans-Saharan trade

• Enabled transport fo goods across the desert

Dhows

• Lateen-rigged ships

• Used in Indian Ocean Trade

• Sewn-plank construction and shallow draft allowed for coastal navigation and access to smaller ports

Junks

• Large Chinese chips

• Facilitated maritime trade in East an Southeast Asia

• Multiple masts and watertight compartments

Portolan Charts

• Detailed nautical maps

• Based on compass directions and coastal landmarks

• Enabled more accute and efficient maritime trade

U2: Cultural and Religious Exchange

Spread of Islam along trade routes

• Muslim merchants and Sufi mystics

• Conversion of local rulers and intermarriage with local populations

Expansion of Buddhism along the Silk Roads and maritime trade

• Buddhist monks traveled a long trade routes, established monasteries and spread teachings

• Mahayana Buddhism gained popularity in Central and East Asia, influencing art and architecture

Exchange of artistic styles and techiques

• Islamic Calligraphy

• Chinese porcelain

• Islamic art and architecture influenced by Persian, Byzantine, and Indian styles

Transmission of scientific and philosophical knowledge between civilizations

• Greek and Roman texts translated and studied in Islam

  • Advancements in Math, Astronomy, Medicine

• Islamic Scholars’ Work (Ibn Sina, Al-Khwarizmi) translated and influenced European thought

Spread of Agricultural products and techniques

• New crops (bananas, sugarcane, citrus fruits)

• Exchange fo farming techniques and irrigation methods

Religious Pilgrimage Routes

• Hajj to Mecca (cultural exchange)

Lingua franca s

• Arabic and Swahili

• Emerged to facilitate communication between traders

U2: Economic Systems and Innovations

Banking and Credit systems

• Bills of Exchange, promissory notes, and letters of credit

• Jewish and Italian Merchants significant

Expansion of monetary systems and use of currency in trade

• Gold and Silver coins (dinars, dirhams) used in Islam

• Chinese paper money (Song)

Growth of Merchant guilds and associations to protect trade interests

Development of commerical partnerships and joint ventures

• Commenda System in Islam and Italian city-states, investors provided capital and merchants conducted trade

Expansion of Market economies and growth of urban centers along trade routes

• Increased specialization and division of labor in manufacturing and hahandicrafts growth of Merchant class and rise of consumerism

New commodities and luxury goods

• Spices (pepper, cinnamon, cloves) from Southeast Asia, prized in Europe

• Silk, porcelian, and tea from China

Innovations in contracts and commercial law

U2: Environmental and Demographic imapcts

Deforestation a long trade routes

• High demand for wood in shipbuilding and construction

• Timber from Mediterranean and Baltic exploited

• Deforestation in Southeast Asia for aromatic woods and spices

Spread of diseases a long trade routes

• Bubonic Plague (Black Death)

• Mongol expansion increased trade facilitatedspread

• Plague outbreaks led to population decline and economic disruption

Expansion of agricultural and production to meet the demand for trade goods

• Increased cultivation of cash crops (sugar, cotton, indigo)

  • Because of higher global demand

• Intesndification of agriculture in some regions led to soil exhaustion and erosion

Urbanization and the growth of cities along trade routes

• Trade centers (Baghdad, Venice, hangzhou) =population growth and urban development

• Expansion of urban infrastructure (ports, warehouses, markets) to support trade

Migration and settlement patterns influenced by trade

• Arab and Persian traders established settlements in East Africa and Southeast Asia

• Chinese merchants and artisans migrated to Southeast Asia, local industry development

Environmental impacts of mining and metallurgy

• Gold mining in West Africa and silver mining in central Europe had significant consequences

• Popullation from metalworking and textile production affected urban areas

Demographic changes resulting from the slave trade

• Trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean slave trades led to the forced migration of Africans

• Slave labor used in agriculture production and mining in Islam and Europe

U2: Key Figures and events

Marco Polo (1254-1324)

• Venetian Merchant, traveled to China, wrote about his experiences

Ibn Battuta (1304-1368)

• Moroccan scholar traveled thorugh Islam and beyond, documenting trade and cultural exchange

Mansa Musa (1280-1337)

• Ruler of Mali Empire, pilgrimage to Mecca 1324, showcased wealth and power fo West Africa

Zheng He (1371-1433)

• Chinese admiral led seven voyages to Southeast Asia, India, and East Africa, expanded Ming Dynasty trade and diplomacy

Fall of Constantinople (1453)

• Marked the end of the Byzantine Empire and rise of Ottoman

Vasco da Gama’s Voyage to India (1498)

• Opened a direct sea route from Europe to Asia, challenged Muslim dominance in Indian Ocean trade

Columbian Exchange

• Transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between Old and New World

Mongol invasions and the establishment of the Pax Mongolica

• 13-14th centuries, facilitated trade and cultural exchange across Eurasia

Rise of the Ottoman Empire

• Control over key trade routes in the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions

Emergence of European joint-stock company

• Dutch and English East India Companies

U2: Legacy and Historical Significance

Development of global economy and interconnectedness of world regions through trade networks

• Increased cultural, religious, and Technological exchange between civilizations

• Laid the foundation fro modern globalization and economic interdependence

Accumulation of wealth and rise of Merchant classes

• Europe, Asia, and Islam

• Merchant families became influential in politics and patronage of the arts

• Merchant guilds and associations played a significant role in the development of urban culture and civic institutions

Expansion of European empiresI and colonialism

• Portuguese and Spanish overseas empires established through trade and conquest

• Dutch, Enlgish, and French East India Companies ladies grounworkd for colonial expansion in Asia

Diffusion of crops and agricultural practices

• Introduction of New World crops (maize, potatoes, tomatoes) to the Old World

• Plantation agriculture and the rise of cash crops (sugar, tobacco, cotton)

Advancements in navigation, cartography, and shipbuilding

• Innovations in maritime technology (astrolabe, caravel)

• Development of more accurate maps and navigational charts

Influence of trade on the development of art, literature, and science

• Islamic Golden age fostered advancements in Mathematics, astronomy, and medicine

• Renaissance art and literature in Europe influenced by the wealth and cultural exchange generated by trade

Emergence of New economic and political systems

• Mercantilism and the rise of the nation-state in Europe

• Tributary systems and centralized bureaucracies in Asia

Legacy of cultural and religious syncretism

• Swahili culture in East Africa, blending African, Arab, and Persian influence

• Syncretic religious traditions in Southeast Asia (Islam, Buddhims, Hinduism

U23