Unit 4 IDs

Era of Good Feelings (1817 - 1825)

Era of Good Feelings (1817 - 1825)

Popular name for the period of one-party, Republican, rule during James Monroe's presidency. The term obscures bitter conflicts over internal improvements, slavery, and the national bank.

American System (1815-1840s)

Henry Clay's three-pronged system to promote American industry. Clay advocated a strong banking system, a protective tariff, and a federally funded transportation network.

Peculiar Institution

Widely used term for the institution of American slavery in the South. Its use in the first half of the 19th century reflected a growing division between the North, where slavery was gradually abolished, and the South, where slavery became increasingly entrenched.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Supreme Court case that strengthened federal authority and upheld the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States by establishing that the State of Maryland did not have power to tax the bank.

Florida Purchase Treaty (Adams-Onis Treaty) (1819)

Under the agreement, Spain ceded Florida to the United States, which, in exchange, abandoned its claims to Texas.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state but preserved the balance between North and South by carving free-soil Maine out of Massachusetts and prohibiting slavery from territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase, north of the line of 36°30'.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Statement delivered by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The United States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets.

Corrupt Bargain (1824)

Alleged deal between presidential candidates John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to throw the election, to be decided by the House of Representatives, in Adams' favor. Though never proven, the accusation became the rallying cry for supporters of Andrew Jackson, who had actually garnered a plurality of the popular vote in 1824.

Spoils System

Policy of rewarding political supporters with public office, first widely employed at the federal level by Andrew Jackson. The practice was widely abused by unscrupulous office seekers, but it also helped cement party loyalty in the emerging two-party system.

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

Noteworthy for its unprecedentedly high duties on imports. Southerners vehemently opposed it, arguing that it hurt Southern farmers, who did not enjoy the protection of tariffs, but were forced to pay higher prices for manufactures.

Nullification Crisis (1832-33)

Showdown between President Andrew Jackson and the South Carolina legislature, which declared the 1832 tariff null and void in the state and threatened secession if the federal government tried to collect duties. It was resolved by a compromise negotiated by Henry Clay in 1833.

compromise/tariff of 1832

Passed as measure to resolve nullification crisis; provided that tariffs be lowered gradually over 10 years to 1816 levels

Erie Canal (completed 1825)

New York state canal that linked Lake ____ to the Hudson River. It dramatically lowered shipping costs, fueling an economic boom in upstate New York and increasing the profitability of farming in the Old Northwest.

Market Revolution (1820s-30s)

18th and 19th century transformation from a disaggregated, subsistence economy to a national commercial and industrial network

Turnpike

Privately funded, toll-based public road constructed in the early nineteenth century to facilitate commerce.

Know-Nothing Party (1844-60)

Nativist political party, also known as the American party, which emerged in response to an influx of immigrants, particularly Irish Catholics.

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Ordered the removal of Indian Tribes still residing east of the Mississippi to newly established Indian Territory west of Arkansas and Missouri. Tribes resisting eviction were forcibly removed by American forces, often after prolonged legal or military battles.

Trail of tears (1830-50)

Forced march of fifteen thousand Cherokee Indians from their Georgia and Alabama homes to Indian Territory. Some four thousand Cherokees died on the arduous journey.

Alamo

Fortress in Texas where two hundred American volunteers were slain by Santa Anna in 1836. "Remember the ____" became a battle cry in support of Texan independence.

Goliad

Texas outpost where American volunteers, having laid down their arms and surrendered, were massacred by Mexican forces in 1836. The incident, along with the slaughter at the ____, fueled American support for Texan independence.

Land act of 1820

Fueled the settlement of the Northwest and Missouri territories by lowering the price of public land. Also prohibited the purchase of federal acreage on credit, thereby eliminating one of the causes of the Panic of 1819.

Transportation revolution

Term referring to a series of nineteenth-century ___ innovations—turnpikes, steamboats, canals, and railroads—that linked local and regional markets, creating a national economy.

Specie circular (1836)

U.S. Treasury decree requiring that all public lands be purchased with "hard," or metallic, currency. Issued after small state banks flooded the market with unreliable paper currency, fueling land speculation in the West.

Bank war (1832-36)

Battle between President Andrew Jackson and Congressional supporters of the Bank of the United States over the bank's renewal in 1832. Jackson vetoed the Bank Bill, arguing that the bank favored moneyed interests at the expense of western farmers.

Second Great Awakening (1790s-1840s)

Religious revival characterized by emotional mass "camp meetings" and widespread conversion. Brought about a democratization of religion as a multiplicity of denominations vied for members.

Burned-Over District

Popular name for Western New York, a region particularly swept up in the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening.

Mormons

Religious followers of Joseph Smith, who founded a communal, oligarchic religious order in the 1830s, officially known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. they, facing deep hostility from their non-___ neighbors, eventually migrated west and established a flourishing settlement in the Utah desert.

Transcendentalism (1820s-30s)

Literary and intellectual movement that emphasized individualism and self-reliance, predicated upon a belief that each person possesses an "inner-light" that can point the way to truth and direct contact with God.

Oneida Community

One of the more radical utopian communities established in the nineteenth century, it advocated "free love," birth control, and eugenics. Utopian communities reflected the reformist spirit of the age.

Shakers (est ca. 1770s)

Called "____" for their lively dance worship, they emphasized simple, communal living and were all expected to practice celibacy. First transplanted to America from England by Mother Ann Lee, they counted six thousand members by 1840, though by the 1940s the movement had largely died out.

Hudson River School (1825-70)

American artistic movement that produced romantic renditions of local landscapes.

American Temperance Society (1826)

Founded in Boston in 1826 as part of a growing effort of nineteenth-century reformers to limit alcohol consumption.

Cult of Domesticity (1820s-60s)

Pervasive nineteenth-century cultural creed that venerated the domestic role of women. It gave married women greater authority to shape home life but limited opportunities outside the domestic sphere.

American Colonization Society (1817)

Reflecting the focus of early abolitionists on transporting freed blacks back to Africa, the organization established Liberia, a West-African settlement intended as a haven for emancipated slaves.

American Anti-Slavery Society (1833)

Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, who advocated the immediate abolition of slavery. By 1838, the organization had more than 250,000 members across 1,350 chapters.

Nat Turner's Rebellion (1831)

Virginia slave revolt that resulted in the deaths of sixty whites and raised fears among white Southerners of further uprisings.

<b>Historical Significance:</b>
Led to new legislation making it unlawful to teach slaves, free blacks, or mulattoes to read or write.

Manifest Destiny (1840s-99s)

Belief that the United States was destined by God to spread its "empire of liberty" across North America. Served as a justification for mid-nineteenth-century expansionism.

(To Pacific Ocean)

Battle of San Jacinto (1836)

Resulted in the capture of Mexican dictator Santa Anna, who was forced to withdraw his troops from Texas and recognize the Rio Grande as Texas's Southwestern border.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

Ended the war with Mexico. Mexico agreed to cede territory reaching northwest from Texas to Oregon in exchange for $18.25 million in cash and assumed debts.

James Monroe

proclaimed Americas should be closed to future euro colonization & free from euro interference in sovereign countries' affairs; US intention to stay neutral in euro wars; last president who was founding father; changed U.S. foreign policy; nationalistic; 5th pres of U.S.; wrote Monroe doctrine

(1817-1821) and (1821-1825) The Missouri Compromise in 1821., the fifth President of the United States (1817-1825).His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas

John Quincy Adams

(1767-1848) secretary of state to James Monroe, he largely formulated the Monroe Doctrine. He was the sixth president of the United States and later became a representative in Congress.

Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly his' work.

American statesman who was Secretary of State to Monroe & 6th pres of U.S.; diplomat, senator, and house of rep; helped negotiate treaty of Ghent; foreign policy of U.S. during Monroe (nationalistic)

Maine Law of 1851

Prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol. A dozen other states followed Maine's lead, though most statutes proved ineffective and were repealed within a decade.

Neal Dow

"Napoleon of Temperance" & "father of prohibition"; mayor of Portland, Maine; sponsored "Maine Law of 1851" prohibiting manufacture & sale of liquor

Nineteenth century temperance activist, dubbed the "Father of Prohibition" for his sponsorship of the Maine Law of 1851, which prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol in the state.

Father of Prohibition; he made a law in Maine that would disallow lethal alcohol to be sold.

Horace Mann

Sect of Massachusetts Board of Ed and champion of public educ; advocated for better pay for teachers






Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he was a prominent proponent of public school reform, and set the standard for public schools throughout the nation.

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; "Father of the public school system"; a prominent proponent of public school reform, & set the standard for public schools throughout the nation; lengthened academic year; pro training & higher salaries to teachers

Samuel Morse

American painter and inventor. After having established his reputation as a portrait painter, in his middle age he contributed to the invention of a single-wire telegraph system based on European telegraphs.

United States portrait painter who patented the telegraph and developed the Morse code (1791-1872)

revolutionized communication thru out world w/ Morse code

Henry clay

United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states

A northern American politician. He developed the American System as well as negotiated numerous compromises.

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.

Nicholas Biddle

As President of the Second Bank of the United States, this man occupied a position of power and responsibility that propelled him to the forefront of Jacksonian politics in the 1830s. He, along with others who regarded the bank as a necessity, realized the threat posed by the election of Andrew Jackson in 1828. Jackson was bitterly opposed to the national bank, believing that it was an unconstitutional, elitist institution that bred inequalities among the people. A bitterly divisive issue, the rechartering of the bank dominated political discussion for most of the 1830s, and for many, this man became a symbol of all for which the bank stood. After Jackson's reelection, the
Second Bank of the United States was doomed.

President of the Second Bank of the United States; he struggled to keep the bank functioning when President Jackson tried to destroy it.

John C. Calhoun

In 1828, he lead the fight against protective tariffs which hurt the south economically. Created the doctrine of nullification which said that a state could decide if a law was constitutional. This situation became known as the Nullification Crisis.

(1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class.

South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification

Daniel Webster

- Leader of the Whig Party, originally pro-North, supported the Compromise of 1850

Senator of Massachusetts; famous American politician & orator; advocated renewal & opposed the financial policy of Jackson; many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System; later pushed for a strong union.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

(1829-1833) and (1833-1837), Indian removal act, nullification crisis, Old Hickory," first southern/ western president," President for the common man," pet banks, spoils system, specie circular, trail of tears, Henry Clay Flectural Process.

Santa Anna

Mexican dictator who was in charge when war broke out between the Mexicans and Americans. He lost Texas to rebels, and was the leader of the armed forces during the war.

Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)

Mexican general and dictator whose large army failed to defeat the Texans

William Henry Harrison

(1841), was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief Constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

Alex de Tocqueville

French aristocrat who came to visit America and wrote "Democracy in America" in 1831, one of the most read books in history.

French writer who expanded idea of american democracy and advocated prison reform in america

French aristocrat & political thinker; observed evolution of American political thought; democracy in America; visited America in 1830s to observe American prisons for French gov but observed american democracy also

John Tyler

elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845, President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery

Whig Party (1833-56)

Opposed Jackson's philosophy; political party; stood for protective tariffs, national banking & federal aid for internal improvements

James K. Polk

11th President, North Carolina Democrat and expansionist






slave-owning southerner dedicated to Democratic Party; dark horse candidate for president 1844 and won election; favored American expansion, advocated annexation of Texas, California, & Oregon; friend & follower of Jackson; opposed clay's American system, instead advocating lower tariff, separation of treasury & federal gov from banking system; nationalist who believed in manifest destiny

president in March 1845. wanted to settle oregon boundary dispute with britain. wanted to aquire California. wanted to incorperate Texas into union.

Lowell System (1815-40s)

A paternalistic textile factory system of the early 19th century that employed mainly young women [age 15-35] from New England farms to increase efficiency, productivity & profits in ways different from other methods.

The use of water powered textile mills that employed young unmarried women in the 1800's

Developed in the textile mills of _____, Massachusetts, in the 1820s, in these factories as much machinery as possible was used, so that few skilled workers were needed in the process, and the workers were almost all single young farm women, who worked for a few years and then returned home to be housewives. Managers found these young women were the perfect workers for this type of factory life.

Dormitories for young women where they were cared for, fed, and sheltered in return for cheap labor, mill towns, homes for workers to live in around the mills

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

Took place in upperstate New York in 1848. Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote.

for women's rights, organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, modeled requests after the Declaration of Independence

An early and influential women's rights convention at which the push for women's suffrage first gained national prominence.
<b>Leaders:</b>
Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton
<b>Accomplishment:</b>
<b>Declaration of Rights and Sentiments</b>

Site of the first modern women's rights convention, and the start of the organized fight for women's rights in US history. At the gathering, Elizabeth Cady Stanton read a Declaration of Sentiments modeled on the Declaration of Independence listing the many injustices against women, and adopted eleven resolutions, one of which called for women's suffrage.

Petticoat Affair (1829-31)

Led by Florida Calhoun, wife of vp John c calhoun, the women socially ostracized John Eaton & wife Peggy over disapproval of circumstances surrounding marriage & her "failure" to meet moral standards of cabinet wife; supplied up administration & led to resignation of all but 1 cabinet member' facilitated van buren's rise to presidency & in part responsible for calhoun's transformation from national political figure to w/ presidential hopes into sectional leader of slave-holding southern states

1829 political conflict over Jackson's appointment of John Eaton as secretary of war. Eaton was married to a woman of allegedly questionable character, and the wives of many prominent Washington politicians organized a campaign to snub her.

Eaton, an ex-Senator and now Jackson's Secretary of War, married a bar maid named Peggy Eaton. Other senator's wives ostracized her, particularly Calhoun's wife. Andrew Jackson was sensitive to this given what happened to his wife. Jackson upset at Calhoun for not controlling his wives behavior.

Texas Revolution (1836)

armed conflict between Mexico & settlers in Texas portion of Mexican state; began when Mexican pres/dictator & General Santa Anna abolished federal constitution of q824 & proclaimed more centralizing 1835 constitution instead

American settlers proclaimed Texan independence; Sam Houston won independence (treaty rejected by Mexican legislature); texans wanted annexation by U.S.; not done b/c opposition from northerners and anti-slavery groups (fear sectional controversy)

Texan gov. declared independence from Mexico; American settlers proclaimed Texan independence; Sam Houston won independence (treaty rejected by Mexican legislature); Texans wanted annexation by U.S.; not done b/c opposition from northerners and anti-slavery groups; fear of sectional controversy

Oregon treaty

Negotiation of the border between Oregon and Canada; Americans wanted it at 54º40' (slogan became "Fifty-four forty or fight!"); eventually was put at the 49th parallel

Settled dispute of Oregon boundary dispute, stemming from the Treaty of 1818 in which both U.S. and British settlers were granted free navigation of the territory.

between us & Britain; brought end to Oregon boundary dispute; set border @ 49th parallel except Vancouver island which was entirely reserved by Britain; boundary as 49th parallel west of Rocky Mountains, around Vancouver island, & thru strait of San jan de fuca

Mexican-American War (1846-48)

conflict btwn us & Mexico sparked by dispute over annexation of Texas & long-standing dispute over border btwn Texas & mexico

War caused by a territorial dispute between the U.S. and Mexico that led to Mexico ceding land to the U.S.

<b>Major Events:</b>
The U.S. annexed Texas and sought to acquire the California-New Mexico region.
President James K. Polk sent <b>John Slidell</b> to negotiate with Mexico, but his proposal was rejected.
Polk sent troops into the disputed area near the Nueces River and the Rio Grande.
The U.S. declared war on Mexico after 16 soldiers were killed near the disputed territory.
The American forces - led by Generals <b>Zachary Taylor</b> and <b>Winfield Scott</b> - took control of the entire southwest.
<b>Historical Significance:</b>
Taylor emerged as a war hero; contributed to the growing slavery debate in the U.S.

A war fought between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848. The United States won the war, encouraged by the feelings of many Americans that the country was accomplishing its manifest destiny of expansion. US gained approximately half of Mexico's territory. This Mexican Cession would revive the controversy over the expansion of slavery and help lead to the Civil War

Immigration of Irish and Germans (1840s-50s)

Irish people left Ireland because of the potato blight and starvations, Germans wanted to escape religious persecution

-1850 the irish constituted approx. 45% and the germans over 20% of the foreign born in america
-In germany the economic dislocations of the industrial revolution had caused widespread poverty and the collapse of the liberal revolution there in 1848 persuaded germans to emigrate
- in ireland the oppressiveness and unpopularity of English rule drove many people out and potato famine forced people to leave
-Irish= very poor
-Germans= some money

more jobs where available so the german and irish started looking for work and coming to the US

Irish = came in multitudes during potato famine; bc Irish didn't come to us w/ enough money to buy land, mostly remained in northeast port cities; became neg influence on Protestant communities who saw catholic Irish as group trying to upstart Protestantism & replace it with Catholicism

Germans = came bc wanted to escape autocratic clutches of Europe; settled mainly in lush lands of middle west; contributed Christmas tree, kindergarten; Conestoga wagon, Kentucky rifle

Charles Grandison Finney

One of the most important leaders of the Second Great Awakening

An evangelist who was one of the greatest preachers of all time (spoke in New York City). He also made the "anxious bench" for sinners to pray and was was against slavery and alcohol.

known as "father of modern revivalism"; pioneer of cooperation among Protestant denominations; believed that conversions were human creations instead of divine works of god & ppl's destinies in their own hands; his "social gospel" offered salvation to all

Joseph smith

Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, his announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr.

American leader & founder of Mormonism; created Mormon church & Book of Mormon; founded Latter Day Saint Movement; revived traditional social doctrines including patriarchal authority w/in family; encouraged practices that led to individual success like frugality, hard work, and enterprise; stressed communal discipline also to safeguard Mormon "new Jerusalem" from individualism and rival religious doctrines

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Boston born scholar and leading American transcendentalist whose essays, like Self Reliance focused on nature, individualism and self improvement






United States writer and leading exponent of transcendentalism (1803-1882)

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

American essayist, lecturer, and poet who led the transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century; "nature" "self reliance"

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist and author of Walden; advocated for civil disobedience; spent the night in jail for not paying taxes






American author, poet, philosopher, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resistor, dev critic, surveyor, historian, & leading transcendentalist; used metaphors in writing to advocate social noncomformity & civil disobedience against unjust laws; "Walden"

Transcendentalist; civil disobedience; gov. that violates individual morality has no legit authority

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.

Dorothea Dix

New Engl teacher and author; championed mental health reform and asylum reform in Massachusetts






American activist on behalf of the indigent insane who, through a vigorous program of lobbying state legislatures and the United States Congress, created the first generation of American mental asylums.

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.

Rights activist on behalf of mentally ill patients - created first wave of US mental asylums

Sojourner Truth

black, female abolitionist, preacher and women's rights activist; known for her tract of writing "Ain't I A Woman"






self-given name of Isabella baumfree; African American abolitionist & womens' rights activist; won fame as forceful speaker for abolitionist and womens' rights

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)

Elizabeth cady stanton

A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal."

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

american social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of early women's rights movement; questioned marriage relations: "how can we endure out present marriage relations with no charter of rights, no individuality of her own?"

Susan b anthony

reformer and woman suffragist, advocated for temperance and womens rights in NY; long time friend of Elizabeth Cady Stanton; established the Women's Loyal League during Civil War






reformer and woman suffragist, advocated for temperance and womens rights in NY; long time friend of Elizabeth Cady Stanton; established the Women's Loyal League during Civil Warsocial reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

An American social reformer and feminist who played a pivotal role in the women's suffrage movement.

civil rights leader & feminist

Lucretia mott

prominent Quaker and abolitionist; champion for women she and fellow female delegates not seated at World Anti-Slavery Convention - later partnered with Stanton at Seneca Falls






Quaker activist in both the abolitionist and women's movements; with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, she was a principal organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848.

Quaker women's rights advocate who also strongly supported abolition of slavery

A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848

American Quaker, abolitionist, social reformer & proponent of women's rights; credited as first American "feminist" in early 19c but was more accurately initiator of women's political advocacy

William Lloyd garrison

United States abolitionist who published an anti-slavery journal (1805-1879)

Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

promoted "immediate emancipation" of slaves in U.S.; prominent voice also for women's suffrage movement

Frederick douglass

American abolitionist, women's suffragist, editor, orator, author, statesman, minister and reformer. Escaping from slavery, he made strong contributions to the abolitionist movement, and achieved a public career that led to his being called "The Sage of Anacostia" and "The Lion of Anacostia". Is one of the most prominent figures in African American and United States history.

gained renown for dazzling oratory & incisive antislavery writing

United States abolitionist who escaped from slavery and became an influential writer and lecturer in the North (1817-1895)

American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of __________, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

Escaped slave and great black abolitionist who fought to end slavery through political action

David walker

black abolitionist and author of Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World; advocated for bloody revolution to end white supremacy if necessary]






audaciously outspoken African american activist who demanded immediate end to slavery in new nation; leader w/in black enclave in Massachusetts Boston; appeal to colored citizens of world: call to "awaken my brethren: to power w/in black unity & struggle; recognized for contribution to chattel slavery in US

A free African American who urged blacks to take their freedom by force

He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt.

Joseph noyes

originator and leader of Oneida Community and Utopian society






american utopian socialist; founded Oneida community 1848; believed in benign deity, sweetness of human nature, & possibility of perfect Christian community on earth

Mother Ann Lee

Founder of the Shakers which attracted more women and men and allowed little contact between genders. They endorsed the idea of sexual equality.

imported shaker ideology to America 1776; while living in England, experienced vision foretelling Jesus's 2nd coming in America & urging her to go there

Lucy stone

abolitionist and women right actiist who kept her maiden name after marriage; founded Am Woman Suffrage Association; her followers acquired a nickname that included the activists last name




Abolitionist and women's rights activist, who kept her maiden name after marriage, inspiring other women to follow her example. Though she campaigned to include women in the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments, she did not join Stanton and Anthony in denouncing the amendments when it became clear the changes would not be made. In 1869 she founded the American Woman Suffrage Association, which lobbied for suffrage primarily at the state level.

Suffragette, advocate for Women's Rights. Refused to pay taxes on the basis of "taxation without representation"

formed American Women's suffrage movement, School teacher, daughter of a farmer, became abolitionist, lecturer for Anti-Slavery Society, good at giving speeches, disagreed with Susan Anthony, did not want to separate the women's rights movement from the aboltionist/civil rights movement.

American suffragist who founded the American Women Suffrage Association.

Prison reform

Brought attention to treatment of "lesser" humans being abused & contained in deficient conditions; brought conditions to light & convinced ppl that prisons/asylums needed better settings; pleas followed 8th amendment, giving her opinion more legal power; mentally ill kept safe & treated humanely after her supplication

Emphasized the idea of rehabilitation.

movement to improve condition and treatment of prisoners and to stop people from being jailed for reasons like debt or mental illness

A movement that tries to ensure offenders are treated humanely in prison