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Geologic feature
Details of Earth’s surface created by geology, such as volcanos, mountains, trenches, and canyons.
Weathering
The process by which rock materials are broken down by physical and chemical processes.
Sediment
Fragments of weathered rock that are an important part of soil.
Surface area
The amount of space covering the outside of something; larger rocks weather more slowly due to having a smaller surface area compared to smaller rocks with the same volume.
Physical weathering
The mechanical breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces, examples include temperature changes, pressure changes, and interactions with plants, animals, water, wind, ice, and gravity.
Abrasion
When wind or water scratches rock surfaces.
Chemical weathering
The chemical decomposition of rocks that changes the chemistry of the rock, such as acid rain and oxidation.
Oxidation
When oxygen chemically reacts with molecules and changes the type of rock, exemplified by steel rusting and copper turning green.
Acid Precipitation
When chemical pollution gets into rainwater, making it more acidic.
Climate and weathering
Physical weathering occurs in cold, wet climates; chemical weathering occurs in warm, wet climates, with warm, wet climates weathering rocks the fastest.
Erosion
The process by which wind, water, ice, or gravity transport weathered material from one location to another.
Butte
Rock formations created by wind abrasion, found in Arizona.
Canyon
Formed when a river erodes sediments away, creating a narrow valley with steep sides.
Runoff
When water carries away soil and sediments.
Deposition
When eroded materials are dropped or laid down.
Delta
Where a river slows down and deposits sediments.
Glacier
A large ice formation that lasts year round; glaciers formed the Great Lakes.
Moraine
Materials that a glacier drops off in a mountain valley, including erratics and other sediments.
Sand dune
Accumulation of sand on land.
Sand bar
Accumulation of sand in water.
