Chapter 26 : The Seed Plants: Gymnosperms & Angiosperms

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30 Terms

1

Describe the evolutionary history of seed plants for each era. How did the climate change throughout this?

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2

Describe the Female gametophyte in seed plants and its structure. What function to these structures serve?

  • The egg

  • Endosperm-producing cell (supports the growth of the embryo)

  • Embryo – produced from the diploid zygote, grows into the sporophyte when seed germinates

  • Seed - offers the embryo protection, nourishment, and a mechanism to maintain dormancy, allow plants to disperse the next generation through both space and time

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3

Describe the Male gametophyte in seed plants

  • Pollen grains (contain the sperm of the plant)

  • Protected from dessication

  • Not dependent on water to reach the female organs

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4

How do the Gametophyte and Sporophyte differ in mosses and other nonvascular plants compared to ferns and other seedless vascular plants?

  • Mosses and other nonvascular plants

    • Gametophyte: Dominant

    • Sporophyte: Reduced, dependent on gametophyte for nutrition

  • Ferns and other seedless vascular plants

    • Gametophyte: Reduces, independent (photosynthetic and free-living)

    • Sporophyte: Dominant

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5

Describe the gametophyte and sporophyte of seed plants. What do they look like in Gymnosperms and Angiosperms?

  • Gametophyte: reduces( usually microscopic), dependent on surrounding sporophyte tissue for nutrition

  • Sporophyte: Dominant

<ul><li><p><strong><u>Gametophyte</u></strong>: reduces( usually microscopic), dependent on surrounding sporophyte tissue for nutrition</p></li><li><p><strong><u>Sporophyte</u></strong>: Dominant</p></li></ul><p></p>
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6

What does it mean for seed plants to be heterosporous? Describe heterosporous spore production.

  • Seed plants are heterosporous:

    • megaspores (grow into female gametophytes)

    • microspores (grow into male gametophytes)

  • Heterosporous spore production

    • Megasporangium in megasporophyll → Mgeaspore → Female gametophyte → Eggs

    • Microsporangium in microsporophyll → Microspore → Male gametophyte → Sperm

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7

Where do both gametophytes mature and why?

  • Both gametophytes mature within sporangia

    • highly reduced in size

      • protected from drying & UV

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8

What structures is the ovule composed of and how does the Megaspore eventually produce an egg?

  • Ovule = integument + megasporangium + megaspore

  • Megaspore germinates within ovule, develops into tiny female gametophyte – produces egg which will eventually be fertilized

<ul><li><p>Ovule = integument + megasporangium + megaspore</p></li><li><p>Megaspore germinates <u>within</u> ovule, develops into tiny female gametophyte – produces egg which will eventually be fertilized</p></li></ul><p></p>
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9

Where does the seed develop from. What is included in the seed?

  • Develops from fertilized ovule

  • includes: embryo, food supply, seed coat

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10

What are pollen grains? What in the pollen wall protects the pollen grains?

  • Pollen grains: male gametophyte surrounded by pollen wall (partly secreted by sporophyte)

    • Capable of long dispersal, tough & resistant

  • Sporopollenin in the pollen wall protects pollen grains

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11

True or false: The sperm nuclei in the pollen grain requires external H2O for fertilization.

FALSE. It does not require external H2O.

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12

What are the 3 steps of fertilization in pollen grains? Define pollination.

  1. Pollen grain germinates

  2. Pollen tube

  3. Sperm discharged into female gametophyte

Pollination: transfer of a pollen to a part of the seed plant that contains the ovule

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13

Describe Gymnosperms: What do they look like, how do they pollinate, what does their life cycle look like, and what cell they have in their xylem

  • ‘Naked’ seeds (partially sheltered by sporophylls)

  • Separate male and female gametes

  • Pollination by wind

  • Tracheids: long, tube-shaped cells in the xylem of vascular plants that transport water and minerals and provide structural support

  • Life cycle involves alternation of generations

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14

Describe the gametophytes and sporophytes of Gymnosperms, heterosporous/homosporous, and their reproductive organs

  • Reduced male and female gametophytes

  • Dominant sporophyte

  • All are heterosporous

  • Male and female reproductive organs can form in cones or strobili

  • Monoecious (has both male and female reproductive organs on the same individual) or Dioecious(has male and female reproductive organs on separate individuals)

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15

What is the life cycle of a Conifer? (gymnosperm)

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16

Describe differences between Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. Give 3 examples for Gymnosperms and 1 for Angiosperms.

  • Gymnosperms

    • Non flowering

    • naked seed

    • EX: Conifers, cycads, Ginkgos

  • Angiosperms

    • Flowering

    • Covered seed

    • EX: all flowering plants

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17

What are the Five Phyla of Extant Seed Plants. Which ones are Gymnosperms and which ones are Angiosperms?

  • Gymnosperms:

    • Coniferophyta

    • Cycadophyta

    • Gnetophyta

    • Ginkophyta

  • Angiosperms:

    • Anthophyta

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18

Describe the Phylum Coniferophyta: common name, female and male structures, environment, appearance, 4 examples

  • “conifers”

  • Most diverse gymnosperms today

    • “cone-bearers”

      • male pollen cone (sperm not motile)

      • female ovulate cone

  • dominate high altitudes & latitudes in N. Hemisphere

  • most are evergreen with needle-like leaves

  • EX: pine, fir, spruce, sequoias

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19

Describe Phylum Cycadophyta (cycads): appearance, female and male structures, pollination method

  • fern-like or palm-like fronds radiate from central stem

  • central female & male cones

  • with flagellated sperm

  • beetles are involved in pollination of some cycads

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20

Describe the Phylum Ginkgophyta - ginkgos: appearance, what are they used in, what structure does the sperm have, male and female structures, one example

  • unique fan-shaped leaf & veins

  • herbal medicine

  • with flagellated sperm

  • female sporophylls, not cones

  • male sporophylls, in strobili

  • one extant tree: Ginkgo biloba

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21

Describe the Phylum Gnetophyta: gnetophytes: what are the 3 distinct genera, male and female structures, 1 example

  • 3 distinct genera:

    1. Gnetum in tropics

    2. Welwitschia in SW Africa deserts

    3. Ephedra in U.S. deserts

  • male & female strobili; sperm not motile

  • Ephedra - herbal medicine (Ephedrine)

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22

What are the two key innovations of Angiosperms?

flowers & fruits

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23

What is the purpose of the flower in Angiosperms? Why is it a successful innovation? Define each structure in the flower: sepals, petals, stamen, filament, anther, carpel, stigma, style, ovary, ovules

  • Sepals – green leaf-like appendages that enclose the rest of the flower

  • Petals – brightly colored appendages that aid in attracting pollinators

  • Stamen:

    • Filament – stalk that holds up pollen-producing sac

    • Anther – terminal sac that produces pollen

  • Carpel (aka “pistil”):

    • Stigma – sticky tip of carpel that receives pollen

    • Style – long tube leading from stigma to ovary

    • Ovary – structure at base of the carpel that produces ovules

    • Ovules - develop into seeds if fertilized

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24
<p>Fill in the blank</p>

Fill in the blank

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25

Describe the Life cycle of Angiosperms: from Microsporangia to Pollen grains, From Ovule to 2 polar nuclei

  • Microsporangia → Male sporocytes (2n) -(meiosis)→ Microspores (n) -(mitosis)→ Pollen grains

    • Pollen grains: 1 generative cell, 1 tube cell

  • Ovule → Megasporangium → Megasporocyte (2n) -(meiosis)→ 4 Megaspores (n) → Only large megaspore survives -(mitosis x3)→ 8 nuclei distributed among 7 cells of female gametophyte → 3 cells at one pole become egg and 2 synergids (remaining 3 cells become antipodal cells) → Center cell → 2 polar nuclei

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26

How does double fertilization happen in angiosperms?

  • double fertilization with 2 sperm nuclei:

    • one fuses with egg, forming zygote(2n)

    • one fuses with 2* central nuclei (polar nuclei), forming endosperm (3n*) food supply in seed

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27

What is a fruit and what is its purpose in Angiosperms? Give 5 examples.

  • Fruit - mature ovary of a flower, thickens around seeds

    • may include some additional tissues as well

    • may be fleshy or dry

    • protects seeds

    • main function is enhancing seed dispersal

    • EX: Tomato, Ruby grapefruit, Nectarine, Milkweed, Hazelnut

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28

What are the two big groups of angiosperms? What are some examples from each group?

  • The 2 big groups of angiosperms are the Monocots (~60,000 spp.) & the Eudicots ( ~ 175,000 spp.)

    • Monocots include orchids, palms, lilies, grasses…

    • Dicots include… lots! (oaks, peas, roses, potatoes, etc.)

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29

Describe the differences between Monocots and Eudicots in the following structures: tissue, embryos, leaf venation, stems, roots, pollen, flowers

  • Tissue

    • Monocots: True woody tissue is rarely found

    • Eudicots: can be herbaceous (non woody) or produce woody tissues – tough walled xylem cells

  • Embryos

    • Monocot: One cotyledon

    • Eudicot: Two cotyledons

  • Leaf venation

    • Monocot: Veins usually parallel

    • Eudicot: Veins usually netlike

  • Stems

    • Monocot: Vascular tissue scattered

    • Eudicot: Vascular tissue usually arranged in a ring

  • Roots

    • Monocot: Root system usually fibrous (no main root)

    • Eudicot: Taproot (main root) usually present

  • Pollen

    • Monocot: Pollen grain with one opening

    • Eudicot: Pollen grain with three openings

  • Flowers

    • Monocot: Floral organs usually in multiples of three

    • Eudicot: Floral organs usually in multiples of four or five

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30

How do humans use seed plants?

  • Almost all food & beverages & spices

    • (80% calories globally!)

  • Wood products, including paper

  • Fuel

  • Fiber for clothing, rope

    • cotton, linen, jute, hemp

  • Secondary compounds:

    • countless drugs & medicines

      • In the United States, about 25% of prescription drugs contain an active ingredient from plants

    • perfumes

    • latex rubber

  • Ornamental plants

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