history exam 1

paleoindians

Oldest widespread culture, migrated from Asia during the last Ice Age. They are known for their hunter-gatherer lifestyle and use of stone tools; migrated seasonally in small bands, nomads.

archaic people

came after Paleoindians, known for more advanced hunting/gathering, and localized settlements. wider diet, modified environment to increase yields; developed distinctive cultures/trade

hohkam/anasazi

Southwestern US, known for their advanced agricultural practices, impressive architecture, and extensive trade networks. irrigation systems and canals, had ball courts, social hierarchy

cahokia

Mississippian people, didnt need to rely on irrigation; holy trinity = food, mesoamerican influence, wealthiest urban centre; downfall caused by overpopulation and arrival of europeans; strategic location for trade, permanent location

the taino

indigenous people from the Caribbean, known for their agricultural skills and resistance to European colonization. complex chiefdom, encountered Columbus

the aztecs

powerful mesoamerican empire, complex social hierarchy and religious practices, conquered by cortes + spanish; central mexico

cabeza de vaca

explorer shipwrecked on texan coast, travelled north america for 8 years. wrote influential account of his experience with the natives; convinced natives he was a healer

acoma rebellion

between the acoma pueblo and spanish colonizers; brutal spanish retaliation and enslavement, early act of resistance to the colonizers

pueblo revolt

pueblos vs spanish rule, temporarily expelling the latter from mexico; unified pueblo communities against a common enemy

virginia company

joint stock company allowed by king james to colonize north america, creating jamestown. got dissolved after financial struggles and conflicts with the crown

indentured servitude

individuals worked for a set period in exchange for passage to the colonies. provided a labour force for early colonial development. usually 4-7 years long and would then receive freedom dues; most died before that

bacon’s rebellion

led by nathaniel bacon in virginia; clashed over high office and indian policy against governor william berkley, driving him from jamestown. aftermath = reinforced racism, shifted to enslaved africans, population growth

puritans

argued pre-determinism, defied the catholic church, wanted to appoint local officials/ministers/elders to govern church

anne hutchinson

A religious dissenter in the Massachusetts Bay Colony who challenged the Puritan orthodoxy and was ultimately banished for her beliefs. was abhorred for the belief that faith alone would lead to salvation, and challenged church membership

pequot war

colonials subjected the pequots to taxes and demanded they hand over a suspect/traitor, which the natives refused; colonists burned the village to the ground. some natives enslaved, tribe dissolved; motives = land acquisition, ideology of civilization vs “savagery”

beaver wars

epidemics killed half the iroquois population, so they launched a series of attacks seeking to reclaim power. demanded hunting territory and captives, also motivated by fur trade

praying towns

puritans told to evangelize natives instead of kill, weaker tribes submitted to these towns; meant to save their souls and protect them from new england colonists; concentrating natives in these settlements opened land for expansion. natives forced to adopt european practices

king phillip’s war

bloodiest war, group of colonists execute group of wampanoags, infuriating the tribe; colonial towns destroyed, natives adopt colonial warfare, new english struggle, get praying town natives as allies and use native warfare; king decapitated, some natives enslaved

colombian exchange

exchange of plants/animals/pathogens/people; demographic takeover, successful european agriculture in america; entire ecosystems completely remade

new amsterdam

Dutch west india company settlement that became the capital of their colony, later seized by the English and named new york; center of trade/commerce

william penn

quaker who founded pannsylvania colony, filled with quakers and created a diverse urban cluster. wanted good relations with natives; looking for religious freedom

yamasee war

multinational uprising of yamasee and allies tribes against british colonizers in South Carolina, led to decline in native slave trade in that region

olaudah equiano

published account of his enslavement; kidnapped, worked for ship captain, purchased his freedom

stono rebellion

coordinated rebellion where 29 slaves looted a county store, killed the shopkeepers and marched to spanish florida, destroying plantations but eventually got beheaded. south carolina carefully monitored slaves and blocked education

tank system/gang system

tank = slaves given individual tasks, more autonomy to end the day on their own

gang = slaves given tasks in groups, less autonomy and under a supervisor

san diego de alcala

natives “persuaded” (enslaved) to missions; mission system seemed to fail, with natives dying of famine, eventually had an uprising with natives destroying the mission and killed ministers

war of jenkins’ ear

A conflict between Britain and Spain, sparked by trade/territorial tensions in caribbean/georgia. Led to the legalization of slavery in georgia

french and indian war

french move into native territory, traders move into ohio county, english crown allows grant stock company that conflicts with french interest; virginians establish a trading post, washington and native allies accidentally provoke french, build forts; natives switch sides

pontiac’s rebellion

demonstrated the need to pacify natives quickly, tribal rivalries put aside to defeat common white enemy, first pan-native war; natives won the war

proclamation of 1763

drew a line in the sand between native land and British colonizers, ended up failing as it was not followed/respected

great awakening

series of increasingly synchronized religious revivals, promoted religous pluralism; opposite of the usual stratified social order; puritan ministers call for a return to the old ways due to decline in religiosity; egalitarian preaching undermined status; moved to the south and created new forms of devotion

baptists

created social turmoil, withdrew from gentry parties, tended to be poor people, threatened elite status, supported egalitarianism, included slaves in conversion tactics but not racially integrated, ministers tried using scriptural justification for slavery

horse/buffalo

horses spread across the great plains and became a source of strength and trade for natives; buffalo were abundant due to mass extinction during the paleoindian era and massive droughts, present in wetter weather, source of food and hide/fur; decline due to exceeding carrying capacity

the comanches

native group essentially on par with the colonies (spanish couldnt defeat them), impressive bargaining power and upper hand in trade, extensive hunting grounds and horses

boston massacre

caused by american colonists throwing rocks at the british, escalating to the british massacring the Americans; townsend act passed by the government angered the British colonists which motivated the attack

boston tea party

protest by english colonists against the british over taxation

lexington and concord

first battle of the american revolution; overall american win