Pigments

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20 Terms

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Lipofuscin
An insoluble pigment, also known as lipochrome or wear-and-tear pigment
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Lipofuscin is composed of:
Polymers of lipids and phospholipids in complex with protein
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melanin
a normal endogenous brown-black pigment formed by enzymatic oxidation of tyrosine to

dihydroxyphenylalanine in melanocytes
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homogentisic acid
a black pigment formed in patients with alkaptouria (lacking homogentisic oxidase) that deposits in skin and connective tissue
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anthracosis
accumulations of carbon blacken the tissues of the lungs
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anthracosis
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Lipofuscin is a telltale sign of
free radical injury and lipid peroxidation
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Lipofuscin is prominent in
the liver and heart of aging patients, or patients with severe malnutrition and cancer cachexia
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hemosiderin
a hemoglobin-derived, golden yellow-to-brown, granular, or crystalline pigment is one of the major storage forms of iron
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lipofuscin granules in cardiac myocytes
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example of localized hemosiderosis
common bruise
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main causes of hemosiderosis

1. increased absorption of dietary iron
* due to an inborn error of metabolism called hemochromatosis
2. hemolytic anemia
* excess lysis of red blood cells leads to release of abnormal quantities of iron
3. repeated blood transfusions
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hemosiderosis
when there is systemic iron overload, hemosiderin may be deposited in many organs and tissues
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hemosiderosis
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pathologic calcification
the abnormal tissue deposition of calcium salts, together with smaller amounts of iron, magnesium, and other mineral salts
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forms of pathologic calcification

1. dystrophic calcification
2. metastatic calcification
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dystrophic calcification
the deposition of calcium in dead or dying tissue, the serum calcium levels are normal and calcium metabolism is normal
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metastatic calcification
the deposition of calcium in normal and healthy tissue. It is seen in hypercalcemia. The serum calcium levels are elevated and the calcium metabolism is abnormal
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dystrophic calcification of the aortic valve
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four principal causes of hypercalcemia

1. elevated parathyroid hormone
2. bone destruction (reabsorption of bone tissue)
3. Vitamin D related disorders
4. Renal failure