An insoluble pigment, also known as lipochrome or wear-and-tear pigment
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Lipofuscin is composed of:
Polymers of lipids and phospholipids in complex with protein
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melanin
a normal endogenous brown-black pigment formed by enzymatic oxidation of tyrosine to
dihydroxyphenylalanine in melanocytes
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homogentisic acid
a black pigment formed in patients with alkaptouria (lacking homogentisic oxidase) that deposits in skin and connective tissue
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anthracosis
accumulations of carbon blacken the tissues of the lungs
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anthracosis
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Lipofuscin is a telltale sign of
free radical injury and lipid peroxidation
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Lipofuscin is prominent in
the liver and heart of aging patients, or patients with severe malnutrition and cancer cachexia
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hemosiderin
a hemoglobin-derived, golden yellow-to-brown, granular, or crystalline pigment is one of the major storage forms of iron
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lipofuscin granules in cardiac myocytes
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example of localized hemosiderosis
common bruise
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main causes of hemosiderosis
1. increased absorption of dietary iron * due to an inborn error of metabolism called hemochromatosis 2. hemolytic anemia * excess lysis of red blood cells leads to release of abnormal quantities of iron 3. repeated blood transfusions
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hemosiderosis
when there is systemic iron overload, hemosiderin may be deposited in many organs and tissues
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hemosiderosis
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pathologic calcification
the abnormal tissue deposition of calcium salts, together with smaller amounts of iron, magnesium, and other mineral salts
the deposition of calcium in dead or dying tissue, the serum calcium levels are normal and calcium metabolism is normal
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metastatic calcification
the deposition of calcium in normal and healthy tissue. It is seen in hypercalcemia. The serum calcium levels are elevated and the calcium metabolism is abnormal
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dystrophic calcification of the aortic valve
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four principal causes of hypercalcemia
1. elevated parathyroid hormone 2. bone destruction (reabsorption of bone tissue) 3. Vitamin D related disorders 4. Renal failure