Unit 1 Study Guide 2: Intro to the Cell

Cell theory

1) Cells are basic units of life

2) All living organisms are made of cells

3) All cells come from preexisting cells

Plasma membrane

Separates cell’s interior from the environment

Cell wall

Made of cellulose

Peptidoglycan

Component of cell wall in prokaryotes

Cellulose

Component of cell walls that provides structural support

Chitin

Component of cell walls

Cytoplasm

Substance filling the cell

Cytosol

Intercellular fluid

Ribosomes

During translation, assembles amino acids into proteins.

70s- present in prokaryotic organisms

80s- present in eukaryotic organisms

Nucleus

Contained in nuclear envelope, contains genetic information for the cell

Nucleolus

Where ribosomes are assembled from RNA and proteins

Nucleoid

Non-membrane bound genetic material in prokaryotic cells

Nuclear envelope

Surrounds nucleus and separates the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm and translation from transcription

Endomembrane system

Modifies, packages, and transports lipids and proteins

Endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth)

Smooth- synthesizes lipids

Rough- modifies proteins with ribosomes

Golgi apparatus

Series of flattened membranes that transport lipids and proteins in vesicles to be packaged and sorted.

Vesicles

Organelles that transport and store things around the cell

Lumen

Hollow portion in the endoplasmic reticulum

Cis side

Receiving side of the golgi apparatus

Trans side

Exit side of the golgi apparatus

Mitochondria

Converts stored energy to ATP

Cristae

Folds in the mitochondria

Chloroplasts

Have a double membrane, their own ribosomes and DNA.

Thylakoids

Interconnected membranes in chloroplasts where light dependent reactions take place (photosynthesis)

Vacuole

Allows for structure and support for cell walls, pressure on the cell wall helps maintain the shape. Also helps to regulate water concentration, hypotonic solution is the most optimal for pressure.

Cytoskeleton

Network of protein fibers that maintains shape, holds organelles in place, and allows movement of cytoplasm.

Lysosome

Contain digestive enzymes (optimal pH of 5) and can fuse with vesicles to carry out anti-pathogen response. Also break down large biomolecules and worn-out organelles.

Centrosome

Main microtubular organizing center in animal cells

Centriole

Cylinders made of microtubules that are part of the cytoskeleton and are part of cell division by organizing spindle fibers

Peroxisome

Small, rounded organelles enclosed by a single membrane. Where reactions that break down fatty acids and amino acids occur.

Catalase

Enzyme found in crystalline core that help in reactions that break down fatty acids and amino acids.

Phospholipid bilayer

Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails that are part of the plasma membrane and nuclear envelope.

Endosymbiotic theory

Hypothesis that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as prokaryotic organisms (endosymbionts)