Biology Final Exam - Study Guide + Note Based

im in dr. browns class; d block

scientific method

1. observe

2. make a hypothesis

3. controlled experiment

4. gather and analyze data

5. conclusion

hypothesis

a scientific explanation for a set of observations that can be tested in ways that support or reject it

independent variable

manipulated variable

dependent variable

the variable that can change in response to the independent

observation

involves the act of noticing and describing events or processes in a careful, orderly way

qualitative observation

a description of characteristics or qualities that are made using the 5 senses rather than measurements or numbers

quantitative observation

an observation that is involved in collecting data that can be measured and expressed numerically

controlled experiment

an experiment in which only one variable is changed

control group

exposed to the same conditions as the experimental group except for one independent variable

biology

the scientific study of life

8 characteristics of living organisms

1. DNA

2. grow and develop

3. Respond to environment

4. Reproduction (sexual + asexual)

5. homeostasis

6. obtain and use materials and energy

7. made of cells

8. evolve

homeostasis

the body’s ability to maintain a stable body

atom

smallest unit of matter

has mass

takes up space

atomic number

the number of protons in an atom

atomic mass

the average mass of an element’s atoms

electron

a negatively charged subatomic particle thats located outside the nucleus

proton

a positively charged subatomic particle thats located in the nucleus

• the amount of protons determines the identity

neutron

a subatomic particle with no charge (neutral) and located in the nucleus

bonds

relationships between different atoms

covalent bond

a type of bond between atoms in which the electrons are shared

• forms between 2 non-metals

ionic bond

a chemical bond formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

• combines metal and non-metal

hydrogen bond

a weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom

(between molecules)

ion

charged atom

properties of water

cohesion, adhesion, high heat capacity

polar

unequal distribution of charges

cohesion

water sticks to itself

adhesion

water sticks to something else

high heat capacity

amount of energy it takes to increase the temperature of water

acids

a compound that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in solution

• a solution with a pH of less than 7

base

a compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution

• a solution with a pH of more than 7

pH scale

used to determine how acidic or basic a substance is

• scales from 0-14

• 7 is neutral

macromolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

monomer

small chemical unit that makes up a polymer

carbohydrates (CHO)

main source of energy

• the monomer (building block) is a monosaccharide

• polysaccharide is a big carbohydrate

• examples: glucose, starch, cellulose, glycogen

• food: bread, pasta, fruit, vegetables

lipids (CHO)

store energy and are part of biological membranes

• no monomer

• fats, oils, steroids, waxes

• examples: butter, lard, vegetable oil, cholesterol

• hydrophobic

proteins (CHON)

make up structures like hair, are found in cell membranes to transport substances in and out of a cell, regulate cell processes (enzymes), and fight disease.

• monomer is amino acid

• food: beans, meat, nuts, and eggs

nucleic acid (CHONP)

store and transmit heredity or genetic information

• monomer is a nucleotide

• DNA and RNA

chemical reaction

one compound changes into another compound by breaking and forming bonds

reactant

a substance that enters into a chemical reaction

product

a substance that exits or produces a chemical reaction

activation energy

energy needed to get a reaction started

enzyme

proteins that act as biological catalysts

catalysts

substance that speeds up a chemical reaction

• lowers the amount of activation energy

• speeds up reaction rates

why does life require catalysts?

without them, chemical reactions would occur too slowly to sustain life

how do enzymes work?

• Enzymes, like all proteins, have a definite 3-D shape

• The 3-D shape fits into the reactants (substrates) and locks like a key

• Then, the substrate binds to the enzyme to form the enzyme-substrate complex

substrates

the 3-D shape that fits into the enzyme

active site

the place where substrates bind into the enzyme

enzyme-substrate complex

the thing that forms when the substrate binds to the enzyme at the active site

NOTE: *Enzymes can be reused*

NOTE: *Enzymes can be reused*

regulation of enzymes

• cells can turn enzymes on or off

• enzymes work best at certain pH and temperature

• If pH or temperature is not correct, the enzyme will change shape (denature)

denature

when the pH or temperature is not correct and the enzyme changes shape

cell

basic unit of all forms of life

cell theory

1. all organisms are composed of cells

2. basic unit of all living things are cells

3. cells come from existing cells

what do all cells have?

DNA, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes

prokaryote

unicellular organism that does not have a nucleus or organelles

eukaryote

a multicellular organism that has a nucleus and organelles

nucleus

an organelle in all eukaryotes that holds the cell’s genetic information in the form of DNA

centrioles

an organelle in animal cells that is involved in cell division

cytoplasm

an organelle in all cells that is fluid like and holds all organelles

vacuoles

an organelle in all eukaryotes that stores materials

lysosomes

an organelle filled with enzymes used to break down carbohydrates into smaller molecules

cytoskeleton

an organelle in eukaryotic cells that gives the cell shape and structure

cell membrane

an organelle in all cells that regulates what enters and leaves the cell

ribosomes

an organelle in all cells responsible for making proteins

cytoskeleton

an organelle in eukaryotes that provides structural support and shape.

endoplasmic reticulum

an internal membrane system found in eukaryotic cells where lipid components of cell membranes are made

rough ER

an organelle in eukaryotes that synthesizes and processes proteins

smooth ER

an organelle in all eukaryotes that synthesizes lipids

golgi

a stack of membrane in all eukaryotic cells that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials for storage or release

mitochondria

an organelle in all eukaryotes that converts chemical energy stored in food into a from that can be easily used by the cell

chloroplasts

an organelle only in plant cells that converts energy from sunlight into chemical energy that is stored in food

cell wall

an organelle found in plant cells and prokaryotes that protects and supports the cell surrounding the cell membrane

vesicles

an organelle in all eukaryotes that transports substances around the cell

plant cells

have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and one large central vacuole

animal cells

no cell wall, no chloroplast, centrioles, many small vacuoles

passive transportation

diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

diffusion

the movement of a molecule or solute from high concentration to low concentration

equilibrium

same concentration on both sides of the membrane

• molecules still keep moving

facilitated diffusion

diffusion across the membrane through a transport protein

osmosis

the movement of water in or out of the cell through a transport protein called aquaporin

goes low to high concentration of solutes

active transportation

molecular transport and bulk transport

molecular transport

the movement of solutes from an area of low concentration to high concentration and requires ATP

bulk transport

endocytosis and exocytosis

endocytosis

the membrane forms a pocket around a particle and it becomes a vesicle in the cell

exocytosis

the cell releases substances to the outside by fusing a vesicle with its outer membrane

hypertonic

highly concentrated (more solutes, less water)

hypotonic

less concentrated (less solutes, more water)

isotonic

same concentration (equal solutes + water)

lyse

to burst

photosynthesis equation

6CO₂ + 6H₂O + sunlight ——> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

where does photosynthesis occur?

chloroplast

photosynthesis

a process where plant cells use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make their own food (glucose) and release oxygen

autotrophs

producers and produce sugar

heterotroph

consumers and consume sugar

pigments

light-absorbing molecules that gather the sun’s energy

chlorophyll

a plant’s principal pigment

what pigment absorbs light?

chlorophyll

what light does chlorophyll absorb and why?

red and blue light NOT green light.

plants appear green because they do not absorb green light.

light dependent reactions

• requires sunlight and H₂O

• occurs in the thylakoid

• produces O₂

calvin cycle

• does not require sunlight

• CO₂ enters and process uses ATP/NADPH from thylakoid

• occurs in stroma

• produces glucose