Biology 🧪 🔬🧬🧫

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79 Terms

1
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How does water enter the cell membrane?

  • Some water molecules don’t need proteins to enter the cell but they may need help due to the huge amount of water trying to enter the cells
  • The water gets this help due to a specific type of transport protein known as aquaporin
2
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What is the fluid mosaic model?

model used to describe a membrane’s structure(diverse protein molecules suspended in fluid phospholipid bilayer)

  • in other words it describes the fluidity of the cel membrane
3
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What does the plasma membrane allow?

selective permeability(lets certain things in and out of the cell)

4
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What molecules have an easier time going through the cell membrane?

  • Smaller not charged molecules easily travel through the membrane
  • Meanwhile, bigger,charged molecules have a hard time to pass through membrane and need special protein to pass through
<ul>
<li>Smaller not charged molecules easily travel through the membrane </li>
<li>Meanwhile, bigger,charged molecules have a hard time to pass through membrane and need special protein to pass through </li>
</ul>
5
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What do transport molecules do?

allow specific ions/molecules to enter or exit the cell

<p>allow specific ions/molecules to enter or exit the cell</p>
6
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What is a channel transport protein?

This protein is one that allows the solute molecule into the cell and requires no energy to do so as it is “down hill/going with the gradient”

7
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What is an active transport protein?

This protein is one that allows solute molecules to enter the cell by going “uphill/against the gradient” by requiring energy (ATP)

8
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What is an enzyme?

  • certain membrane proteins that carry out sequential reactions as well as modify one molecule through an interaction and create a new product
<ul>
<li>certain membrane proteins that carry out sequential reactions as well as modify one molecule through an interaction and create a new product </li>
</ul>
9
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What are attachment proteins?

  • attach to the extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton
  • help support the membrane(attach from outer side of the membrane with the ECM to the inner side of the membrane with the cytoskeleton)
  • can coordinate external and internal changes
<ul>
<li>attach to the extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton </li>
<li>help support the membrane(attach from outer side of the membrane with the ECM to the inner side of the membrane with the cytoskeleton)</li>
<li>can coordinate external and internal changes </li>
</ul>
10
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Receptor Proteins

  • signaling molecules bind to receptor proteins
  • these receptor proteins then relay the message by activating other molecules inside the cell
<ul>
<li>signaling molecules bind to receptor proteins </li>
<li>these receptor proteins then relay the message by activating other molecules inside the cell</li>
</ul>
11
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Junction Proteins

  • form intercellular junctions that attach adjacent cells
  • in other words they attach together to form tissue
<ul>
<li>form intercellular junctions that attach adjacent cells</li>
<li>in other words they attach together to form tissue </li>
</ul>
12
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Glycoprotein

  • serve as ID tags (recognize self from non-self)
  • may be recognize by membrane proteins of other cells
<ul>
<li>serve as ID tags (recognize self from non-self)</li>
<li>may be recognize by membrane proteins of other cells </li>
</ul>
13
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What is the overview of cell signaling?

knowt flashcard image
14
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Give an overview for signal transduction pathways.

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15
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What does the cell membrane of cells look like and what are the different parts that compose them?

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16
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What is the general term “transport” in cells mean?

allows passage of substances across cell membranes

17
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What does passive transport generally mean?

Transporting molecules into the cell by going “with the gradient” and not using energy

18
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What does active transport generally mean?

the use of transporting molecules out of the cell by going against the gradient and using energy

19
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What are the gradients movement ways for active and passive transport?

Active: Low to High

Passive: High to Low

20
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What are the different types of passive transport

1) Diffusion: molecules go from high to low concentration

2) Facilitated Diffusion: molecules go from high to low concentration with the help of certain proteins

3) Osmosis: diffusion of water from higher to lower concentrations across a selectively permeable membrane

<p>1) Diffusion: molecules go from high to low concentration </p>
<p>2) Facilitated Diffusion: molecules go from high to low concentration with the help of certain proteins </p>
<p>3) Osmosis: diffusion of water from higher to lower concentrations across a selectively permeable membrane </p>
21
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What is diffusion and its goal?

  • tendency of particles to spread out evenly in an available space
  • its goal is to find equilibrium among the same type of molecules
22
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Describe the U-tube experiment and what is signifies.

  • In this experiment the amount of solute is uneven on both sides of the tube as a membrane is permeable to water but not the solute
  • Due to this the water will cross the membrane and move down its own concentration gradient until the solute concentration on both sides is equal
<ul>
<li>In this experiment the amount of solute is uneven on both sides of the tube as a membrane is permeable to water but not the solute </li>
<li>Due to this the water will cross the membrane and move down its own concentration gradient until the solute concentration on both sides is equal </li>
</ul>
23
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What is tonicity?

term that describes the agility of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water in order to reach equilibrium

24
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What is a hypertonic solution and what is its effect on cells?

  • causes cells to shrink and is a solution with high solute levels
25
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What is a hypotonic solution and what is its effect on cells?

  • Plant cells= Turgid(normal)
  • Animal Cells=swelling till burst
  • Solution with low solute levels
26
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What is an isotonic solution and what is its effect on cells?

  • animal cells=normal
  • plant cells=flaccid
  • solution with equal solute levels
27
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What types of substances early diffuse across a cell membrane?

hydrophobic/nonpolar

28
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What types of substances need help moving across membranes?

  • hydrophillic/polar substances need help moving across the membrane with specific transport proteins
  • this is known as facilitated diffusion
29
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What is the general rule of thumb for transport proteins?

greater the number of transport proteins for a particular solute in a membrane, the faster the solute’s rate of diffusion

30
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What is the importance of aquaporin?

  • allows for the rapid diffusion of water into and out of certain cells as it is a channel protein
31
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What happens in active transport?

a cell must expend ATP energy to move solutes against concentration gradient

<p>a cell must expend ATP energy to move solutes against concentration gradient </p>
32
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What are the two mechanisms to move large molecules across membranes?

Exocytosis

Endocytosis

33
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What is exocytosis?

used to export bulky molecules such as proteins or polysaccharides

34
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What is endocytosis?

used to take in large molecules

35
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What happens in both endocytosis and exocytosis?

material is transported after it is packaged within a vesicle that fuses with the membrane

36
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What are the three kinds of endocytosis?

Phagocytosis

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Pinocytosis

37
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Phagocytosis

engulfment of a food practice by the cell wrapping cell membrane around it and forming a vacuole

<p>engulfment of a food practice by the cell wrapping cell membrane around it and forming a vacuole </p>
38
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Receptor-mediated endocytosis

uses membrane receptors for specific solutes

<p>uses membrane receptors for specific solutes </p>
39
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Pinocytosis

engulfment of small particles suspended in extracellular fluid

<p>engulfment of small particles suspended in extracellular fluid </p>
40
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Energy

Ability to do work

41
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Kinetic Energy

Energy of motion

42
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What does kinetic energy require?

Requires ATP via cellular respiration made via mitochondria

43
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What are the two forms of kinetic energy?

thermal(heat) energy and light energy

44
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What is potential energy?

Energy stored in the location or structure of matter

45
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Chemical Energy

Type of potential energy that is available for release in a chemical reaction

46
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What is an example of chemical energy?

The process of breaking down glucose to make ATP via cellular respiration

47
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What can light be used to do?

Harness the power of photosynthesis

48
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What is thermodynamics?

Study of energy transformations

49
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What is system in terms of thermodynamics?

Matter under study

50
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What is surroundings in terms of thermodynamics?

Everything outside of the study

51
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What is a closed system?

Isolated from its surroundings like a liquid in a thermos

52
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What is an open system?

Energy and matter can be transferred between system and surroundings

53
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What type of system are organisms?

Open systems since they absorb light in organic molecules and release heat and metabolic waste

54
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What is the first law of thermodynamics?

states that energy can be transferred and transformed, in other words “Energy is neither created nor destroyed”

55
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What is the second law of thermodynamics?

states that every energy transformation must make the universe more disordered or entropy (quantity used as a measure of disorder, or randomness)

56
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What is an exergonic reaction?

Releases energy

57
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Exergonic Reactions

Huge amount of reactions into small amount of products with a side product of ATP

58
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What are examples of exergonic reactions?

Hydrolysis(breaks down polymers to monomers and release energy) and Cellular Respiration

59
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What are endergonic reactions ?

require energy and yield products rich in potential energy

60
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What is an example of an endergonic reaction?

Photosynthesis

61
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What does motabolism do?

encompasses all of a cell’s chemical reactions- a mix of both exergonic and endergonic.

62
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How does ATP power cellular work?

transfer of a phosphate group from ATP forming ADP and P is involved in chemical, transport, and mechanical work

63
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How exactly does the hydrolysis process work?

The process breaks down the bond between the second and third phosphates and releases energy therefore it is exergonic/ endergonic

<p>The process breaks down the bond between the second and third phosphates and releases energy therefore it is exergonic/ endergonic</p>
64
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What are the three kinds of work does a cell do?

1)Chemical: driving endergonic reactions such as the synthesis of polymers from monomers.

2) Transport: pumping substances across membranes against the direction of spontaneous movement

3) Mechanical: beating of cilia, contraction of muscle cells, and movement of chromosomes

65
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What is dephosphorelation and phosphorylation?

Removing phosphate and adding phosphate

<p>Removing phosphate and adding phosphate </p>
66
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Describe the ATP to ADP+P cycle

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67
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What are enzymes?

protein catalysts that decrease the activation energy needed to begin a reaction

68
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What must a substrate do?

Fit specifically into an enzyme’s active site

69
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What is activation energy?

amount of energy necessary to push the reactants over an energy barrier

70
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What is the transition state

summit the molecules are at an unstable point

<p>summit the molecules are at an unstable point</p>
71
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What is delta G?

The difference between free energy of the products and the free energy of the reactants

<p>The difference between free energy of the products and the free energy of the reactants</p>
72
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How do enzymes work?

Speed reactions by lowering activation energy and can be reached even at moderate temperatures

<p>Speed reactions by lowering activation energy and can be reached even at moderate temperatures </p>
73
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Describe the catalactic cycle of an enzyme

knowt flashcard image
74
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What is a competitive inhibitor?

competes with the substrate for the active site.

75
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What is a non competitive inhibitor?

alters an enzyme’s function by changing its shape

76
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What is feedback inhibition?

  • helps regulate metabolism
  • Product of reaction is the inhibitor
<ul>
<li>helps regulate metabolism</li>
<li>Product of reaction is the inhibitor</li>
</ul>
77
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What are some uses for enzyme inhibitors?

Enzyme inhibitors have also been developed as

pesticides, deadly poisons for chemical warfare, and Beneficiary drugs

78
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What are cofactors?

  • non protein helpers for catalytic activities
  • They may be organic or inorganic
  • They bind to the enzyme permanently or reversibly
  • Some inorganic cofactors include zinc, iron, and copper
79
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What are coenzymes?

Are organic cofactors that include vitamins or molecules derived from vitamins