Exam 1

Pathophysiology

the study of the changes of body function with disease.

patho-

disease

physiology

The study of body function

Disease

anything that is abnormal from your normal health/state of wellness. Inability to maintain homeostasis (internal balance).

What causes disease?

pathogens, abnormal function of cells, environmental factors, genetics, etc...

Pathogen

An organism that causes disease

Types of pathogens

viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites

types of environmental factors that contribute to disease

water and air pollution, radiation, diet and exercise

Sedentary Lifestyle

low amount of exercise/physical activity

Predisposing factor (Risk factor)

Something that increases risk of developing a disease.

Homeostasis

ability to maintain an internal balance

What are the top 2 leading causes of death in the US?

Heart disease and cancer

what are the common cellular adaptations?

atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, and neoplasia.

Atrophy

cells decrease in size

atrophy

hypertrophy

cells increase in size

Hypertrophy

Hyperplasia

increased number of cells

hyperplasia

Metaplasia

replacement with a difference, but normal (non-canerous) cell/tissue type

metaplasia

Dysplasia

increased number of cells, variable cell size, shape, and structure, loss of organization (possible pre-cancer).

dysplasia

Neoplasia

increased number of cells, variable size and shape, loss of organization, variable nuclei, can be cancer

neoplasia

hyper-

increased

Apoptosis

process of programmed cell death

necrosis

traumatic cell death

what can occur with necrosis?

may cause local inflammation due to release of lysosomal enzymes

Types of necrotic tissue damage

liquefaction, coagulative, and fat necrosis

Liquefaction

dead cells are liquefied by enzymes

Coagulative

cell proteins are denatured and insoluble

coagulative necrosis looks

caseous

caseous

thick, yellowish, "cheesy" substance forms in tissue

caseous

liquefaction

fat necrosis

fatty tissue broken down into fatty acids

fat necrosis

denatured

unfold, bigger, not compact

infarction

area of dead cells resulting from lack of oxygen

infarction

hypoxia

low oxygen levels

infarction is susceptible to

hypoxic damage that varies by cell type

Gangrene

areas of necrotic/dead tissue that has been infected by bacteria

gangrene

iatrogenic

disease related caused by medical treatments

Etiology

cause of disease

filtration

a process that causes ISF to flush out of capillary

absorption

a process that causes ISF to flush into a capillary

Hydrostatic pressure (HP)

force exerted by fluid pressing against wall (push)

osmotic pressure

the external pressure that must be applied to stop osmosis (pull)

What causes edema?

excess filtration, decreased absorption, increased capillary permeability, or blocked lymphatics

edema

swelling

If your Blood pressure decreases, the volume of ISF in a particular tissue would?

decrease, lower BP = Less push

Decreased levels of protein in the blood would cause the volume of ISF in a tissue to?

increase, less protein = less pull

Hypoalbuminemia

low albumin levels in the blood

high BP equals

ISF pushes out of capillary

manifestations

signs and symptoms of disease

signs

changes in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease. Ex: fever, BP

Symptoms

Subjective characteristics of disease felt only by the patient. Ex: headache, fatigue

First line of defense against pathogens

mechanical and chemical barriers

ex. fluids- tears, saliva, mucus

barriers- skin, mucus membranes. Do not change according to type of pathogen

Second line of defense against pathogens

innate immune responses Ex: phagocytosis, inflammatory response, and interferon

innate

existing from birth, inborn

Interferons

antiviral proteins

Thirds line of defense against pathogens

specific immune responses. Ex: B and T cells. Specific to type of pathogen

Inflammation

is a nonspecific defense mechanism that occurs in response to tissue injury or infection

-itis

inflammation of tissue

Complication

new conditions or diseases that result from the initial disease.

precipitating factor (triggers)

factors that precipitate an acute episode of a chronic illness

inflammatory responses can be triggered by

direct mechanical damage, chemicals, ischemia, allergic reactions, burns, infections, etc...

Process of Inflammation

1. injury or infection occurs

2. cells release chemical mediators

3. pain receptors activated by bradykinin

4. vasodilation/hyperemia

5. increased capillary permeability

6. proteins, water, and cells leave capillaries to form exudate

7. edema

8. Leukocytes move to site of injury/ chemotaxis occurs

9. phagocytes remove debris and prepare for healing

10. formation of blood clot that seals off the area

ischemia

Lack of blood supply

exudate

the interstitial fluid formed in the inflamed area

chemotaxis

movement of cells in response to a chemical

hyperemia

increased blood flow

Leukocytes

white blood cells

ISF

interstitial fluid

local manifestations of inflammation

redness, heat/warmth, swelling, pain, sometimes loss of function

mechanisms or rationale of pain

stimulation of pain-sensing neurons

mechanisms or rationale of redness and warmth

caused by hyperemia ( increased blood flow)

mechanisms or rationale of edema

caused by increase of capillary permeability

mechanisms or rationale of loss of function

depends on how severe

mechanism or rationale

how did we get there?

types of exudate

serous, fibrinous, purulent, hemorrhagic

serous

mostly fluid, some protein and leukocytes (thin, watery)

serous

fibrinous

thick, sticky, high levels of fibrin and leukocytes

fibrinous

purulent

thick, yellow-green, high levels of leukocytes, cell debris, and bacteria (pus)

purulent

hemorrhagic

bloody, can be combined with other exudate types

hemorrhagic

systemic manifestations of inflammation

distant or away from sight of injury or infection

systemic

whole body

malaise

general feeling of unwellness

fatigue

tired

anorexia

loss of appetite

acute phase responses

changes in certain plasma proteins, leukocyte numbers

plasma

liquid part of blood

plasma proteins

blood proteins