Unit 4 Exam Important Terms and Concepts

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering key terms, concepts, important events, individuals, and ideologies related to Canadian history and sociopolitical structures.

Assimilation

The process whereby individuals or groups of differing ethnic heritage are absorbed into the dominant culture.

Accommodation

The adjustment of cultural practices to coexist with different cultural groups, often balancing rights and traditions.

Annihilation

The complete destruction of a group, often used in discussions about genocides and extreme violence in history.

Segregation

The enforced separation of different racial or ethnic groups within a society, leading to inequality and discrimination.

Nazism

A far-right ideology centered around fascism, nationalism, and racial purity, primarily associated with Adolf Hitler's regime in Germany (1933-1945).

Fascism

An authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization, often characterized by dictatorial power and strong regimentation of society and the economy.

Social Credit Party

A political party in Canada that emerged in the 1930s, advocating the distribution of money to citizens to promote economic stability.

Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (C.C.F.)

A political party founded in 1932 that later became the New Democratic Party (NDP), advocating for socialist principles and social justice.

Welfare State

A government system that provides social services and financial support to citizens, often ensuring basic necessities are met.

Social Gospel

A religious movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the importance of social justice and charity in Christian teaching.

Medicare

A publicly funded healthcare system in Canada, established to provide universal health coverage to all Canadians.

Communism

A political and economic ideology advocating for a classless society where all property is publicly owned, aiming to eliminate private ownership.

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military alliance established in 1949 for mutual defense among member countries.

NORAD

North American Aerospace Defense Command, a binational organization of the United States and Canada responsible for aerospace warning and control.

Bill 101

A law passed in Quebec mandating the use of French as the official language, affecting educational and business practices.

The White Paper (1969)

A government document proposing the assimilation of Indigenous peoples into Canadian society, often met with severe backlash.

The Red Paper/Citizens Plus (1970)

Indigenous response to the White Paper, asserting the rights and status of Indigenous peoples in Canada and advocating for self-determination.

The Drybones Case

Landmark legal case that helped define Indigenous rights and sovereignty in Canada, shedding light on Indigenous land claims.

The Calder Case

A significant court case that recognized Indigenous land rights, affirming that Indigenous title to land existed prior to European colonization.

National Energy Program

A Canadian federal program introduced in 1980 aimed at promoting Canadian energy independence and regulating oil prices.

Atlantic Cod Fisheries

A significant fishery in Canada that faced severe decline due to overfishing, affecting local economies and ecosystems.

Canadian Wheat Board

A marketing organization for grain farmers in Western Canada aimed at ensuring fair prices and stability in the agricultural market.

Multiculturalism

A policy that promotes the acknowledgment and appreciation of cultural diversity within Canadian society, allowing for various cultural identities to be expressed and supported.

The Conscription Crisis

A significant political and military issue during both World Wars in Canada where the issue of compulsory enlistment was heavily debated, leading to societal division.

World War II

A global conflict from 1939 to 1945 that involved many nations, with Canada playing a significant role both militarily and economically.

The Battle of Britain

A key military campaign in 1940 where the Royal Air Force defended the United Kingdom against large-scale attacks by Nazi Germany.

Dieppe

An Allied raid on the German-occupied port of Dieppe, France, in 1942 that aimed to test German defenses and gather intelligence but resulted in heavy losses.

Ortona

A battle in Italy during World War II in December 1943, noted for intense street fighting and the bravery of Canadian troops.

The Battle of Hong Kong

The battle in late 1941 where Canadian forces fought against Japanese invasion, resulting in surrender and occupation.

Operation Overlord/D-Day

The Allied invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944, marked a critical turning point in World War II and led to the liberation of Western Europe from Nazi control.

Japanese Internment Camps

During WWII, the Canadian government forcibly relocated and interned Japanese Canadians, violating their rights and freedoms based on fear and prejudice.

The Gouzenko Affair

A crucial event in 1945-46 involving Igor Gouzenko, a Soviet Embassy clerk who defected, revealing Soviet espionage activities in Canada and leading to a shift in Cold War politics.

The Korean War

A conflict from 1950 to 1953 where Canada contributed troops to support South Korea against the communist North, marking Canada's commitment to international peace.

Vietnam War

Canada's complex involvement with the Vietnam War included providing refuge for Vietnamese 'Boat People' and anti-war protests domestically.

The Quiet Revolution

A period of intense social and political change in Quebec during the 1960s focused on secularization and the modernization of the province's economy and society.

The October Crisis

Events in October 1970 when the Front de libération du Québec (F.L.Q.) kidnapped government officials, leading to a government response that invoked the War Measures Act.

Sixties Scoop

A period during which large numbers of Indigenous children were taken from their families and placed in non-Indigenous foster homes, leading to loss of culture and identity.

Mackenzie King

The Prime Minister of Canada for much of the 20th century, known for his leadership during the Great Depression and WWII.

Tommy Douglas

The social democratic politician who served as Premier of Saskatchewan and is credited with introducing Medicare in Canada.

Joey Smallwood

Premier of Newfoundland who played a significant role in the province's confederation with Canada and its subsequent development.

John Diefenbaker

Prime Minister known for his staunch advocacy for civil rights and the Canadian Bill of Rights.

Maurice Duplessis

A long-serving Premier of Quebec who was a key figure during the province's social and political transformations in the mid-20th century.

Pierre Trudeau

Prime Minister known for his charismatic leadership, promotion of multiculturalism, and impacts on Canada's constitutional framework.

Jean Lesage

Premier of Quebec who led the Quiet Revolution, advocating for the modernization of Quebec society and government control over key industries.

Front de libération du Québec

A militant group advocating for Quebec's independence from Canada, involved in the October Crisis.

James Cross

British diplomat kidnapped by the F.L.Q. during the October Crisis, leading to a dramatic national response.

Pierre LaPorte

Quebec Minister kidnapped and later murdered by the F.L.Q. during the October Crisis, escalating the situation and invoking national concern.

Vietnamese 'Boat People'

Refugees fleeing Vietnam after the war, many sought asylum in Canada, prompting discussions about immigration and humanitarian response.

Western Alienation

The increase of western alienation throughout the 20th century illustrates the regional divides and economic disparities within Canada.

Natural Environment and Economy

The connection between the natural environment and the Canadian economy remains critical, as resource management and environmental sustainability continue to influence policy and public sentiment.