Envirothon Forestry

Bark

Bark

Protects

Phloem

Transport Food

Cambium

Growth

Sapwood

Transports Water

Heartwood

Support

Tree starts growing properly again.

The rings become farther apart.

Scratchy rings, they get fuzzy.

Fire, but tree survived.

Rings are close together.

Insects, no proper nutrients, dry spell.

Rings wider on one side.

Something leaned on the tree.

Lobed

Entire

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Forest Types

Categories defined by their predominant tree species.

Beech/Maple

Appalachian Oak Forest

Northern Hardwood

Hickory-Oak-Pine

Mixed Mesophytic

Factors that determine forest type.

Temperature, Rain, Topography.

Alternate Leaves

Opposite Leaves

Whorled Leaves

Parts of a Compound Leaf.

Simple Leaf

Pinnately

Palmately

Red Oak VS White Oak

Red Oak: Smooth, green brown bark when young. Divided into round ridges when older.

White Oak: Pale gray, scaly, not deeply fissured.

Pioneer Species

First to come in new forest growth.

Honeysuckle

Creates dense shrubs that shades the natives. Can release toxins.

Multiflora Rose

Dense woods, prairies, stream banks, roadsides, open fields, pastures.

Most Common PA Trees

Red Maple and Black Birch

Fire Season

Spring and Fall

Flooring Types

Sugar Maple and Red Maple

Baseball Bats

Ash

Wine Barrels

White Oak

State Flower

Mountain laurel

State Tree

Eastern Hemlock

Cubic Feet in a Cord of Firewood

123ft^3

Red Oak

Ski Trails

One Board Foot

One Foot x One Foot x One Inch

Shade Tolerant Trees

Sugar Maple

Hemlock

American Beech

Shade Intolerant Trees

Black Cherry

Black Locust

Poplar

Aspen

Pitch Pine

Canopy Crown Levels

Dominant, Codominant, Intermediate, Suppressed.

What do you need at all times during a timber harvest?

Erosion and Sedimentation plan on site.

PA FORESTS

Corporate 10%

Private 70%

Public 20%

Honey Locust

Gleditsia triacanthos

Bad Harvest Methods.

Diameter Limit, keeps inferior trees.

Selective Harvest.

Hi-grade.

Two Types

Even Age

Uneven Age

Timber Harvest

Clear cuts are good if there are enough seedlings.

First Year

Annual grasses, ragweed, horseweed, non-native weeds.

Second to Fifth Year

Queen Anne's Lace, Knapweed.

Third to Tenth

Woody Shrubs, Blackberries, Green Brier.

Tenth to Twentieth

Pioneer saplings from thickets. Pine, Locust, Aspen.

Twentieth to Seventieth

Long lived trees, Tulip, Ash, Red Maple, Black Birch.

Seventieth to One Hundred Plus

Long Lived Hardwoods. Hickory, Oak, Maple.

A wedge prism

Estimate the amount of basal area

(Basal area is the common term used to describe the average amount of an area (usually an acre) occupied by tree stems.)

Pioneer species

Tree species that are typically the first ones to inhabit disturbed or damaged areas

Biltmore stick

measures the tree

Pulaski axe

used to cut fire lines

Drip Torch

Mix half diesel half gas

Increment Borer

Used to extract cores of wood from trees

Fire shelter

is a safety device of last resort used by wild land firefighters

Council Fire Rake

is used to rake flammable objects so fire cannot spread

annual rings

the layers of wood a tree adds each season; also called

growth rings. These rings frequently are visible when a tree is cut and can be used to estimate its age and growth rate

caliper

a tool to measure the diameter of a tree

clinometer

an instrument used to determine the height of a tree

cord

a unit of wood cut for fuel that is equal to a stack 4 x 4 by 8 feet or 128 cubic feet. A cord is the legal measure of fuelwood volume in Maryland

cull

a sawtimber sized tree that has no timber value as a result of poor shape or damage from injury, insects or disease

growth rings

the layers of wood a tree adds each season; also called

annual rings. These rings frequently are visible when a tree is cut and can be used to estimate its age and growth rate

hypsometer

any of several tools or instruments designed to measure the

height of trees. The clinometer is such a tool

increment borer

an augerlike tool with a hollow bit designed to extract

cores from tree stems for the determination of age and growth rate

log rule

a method for calculating wood volume in a tree or log by using

its diameter and length. The international 1/4-inch rule is the legal rule in Maryland

scale stick

a calibrated stick used to estimate wood volume in a log

Select Cut

Removing certain individual trees in a stand. May be done by size, species or health of the trees.

Clear Cut

Removing most or all of the existing stand of trees.

Diameter tape

Measuring tape calibrated to measure the diameter of a tree.

Log

when used to measure the height standing trees, equals 16 feet

Chain

66 Feet; commonly used distance measurement for forestry activities

Inner Bark

Conductive vessels that carry food made in the leaves down to the branches, truck, and roots

Outer Bark

Protects tree from injuries

Cambium

A thin layer of cells, directly under the bark where active growth takes places.

Xylem

Commonly known as sapwood; the outer portion of the woody tree truck that transports

water and minerals from the roots to the leaves