Anatomy and Physiology of the Speech and Swallowing Mechanisms

PRAXIS

Anatomy

anatomy is the study of the structure of an organism

Physiology

Physiology explores the functions of structures in a living organism.

Pathology

Pathology is the study of diseases and the structural and functional changes that affect an organism.

Anatomic Position

the standard posture when in the anatomic position is with your full body standing straight, with the face directed forward, the arms hanging down at your sides with your palms facing forward, fingers pointing straight down, and the knees facing forward with the feet slightly apart and pointed forward.

Superior

When something is superior, it is above or higher than another structure;

Inferior

below or under

Anterior

In the front

Posterior

Behind or in the back of another structure

a-

without

ab-

away from

ad-

toward

-algia

pain

an-

without

angio-

related to blood vessels

ante-/antero-

before, in front

arth-

related to joint

bi-

two

brachy-

short

brady-

slow

capit-

toward the head

cephalo-

the head or toward the head

contra-

opposite

-culum/-culus

diminutive form for a noun

de-

away from, cessation, without

di-

two

dys-

disordered, faulty, bad

ecto-

outer

-ectomy

excision, removal

-emia

blood

endo-

within, inner

ep-/epi-

upon, over, above

extra-

outside

-gen/-genic

producing, causing

hemi-

half

hyper-

excessive, above, increased, too much

hypo-

under, below, too little, decreased

infra-

below

inter-

between

ipsi-

same

-itis

inflammation

kine-

movement

latero-

side

leuco-/leuko-

white

macro-

large

medio-

middle

micro-

small

mono-

one

morph-

shape, form

my-/myo-

muscle

naso-

nose

neo-

new

neuro-

nerve

oculo-

eye

-oma

tumor

oro-

mouth

-osis

condition

osteo-

bone

ot-

ear

palato-

palate, roof of mouth

para-

beside

patho-

abnormal

-pathy

disease condition

ped-/paed-

child

ped-/pod-

foot

peri-

around

-phage/-phagia

eating

pharyngo-

pharynx

-plasia

formation, growth

-plasty

molding or forming

poly-

many

post-

after, behind

pre-/pro-

before, in front of

quadra-/quadri-

four

re-

to repeat, turned back

retro-

toward the rear, backward

-rrhea

flow, discharge

sclero-

hard

sclerosis-

hardening

scolio-

curved

semi-

half

soma-/somato-

body

steno-

narrow

-stomy

new opening

sub-

under

super-

above

supra-

above

sym-/syn-

together, with

tachy-

fast

tetra-

four

-tomy

to cut

trans-

on the other side

tri-

three

-trophic

nourishment

-trophy

development

uni-

one

Dorsal

synonymous with posterior (towards the back)- could also refer to back of hand or top of foot.

Ventral

synonymous with anterior (toward the belly)

Rostral

Rostral means toward the nose

Caudal

caudal indicates toward the tail

Superficial

The term superficial indicates toward the surface