BIO 30S EXAM

Thymus gland

-Thymosin hormone is involved w the maturation of T-lymphocytes horomes

Pineal gland

-produces melatonin

-involved w sleep,wake cycles, & circadian rythms

-has a role in sexual development

Pituitary gland

master gland, controls growth of body and the function of other glands

Pancreas gland

controls how the body uses glusose, or sugar

testes gland

-responsible for making sperm and are also involved in

-producing a hormone called testosterone.

adrenal gland

-control kidney function

-increase blood pressure and heart rate during times of stress

thyroid gland

regulates growth & metabolism

Ovaries gland

One of a pair of female glands in which the eggs form and the female hormones estrogen and progesterone are made

parathyroid gland

these glands regulate the amount of Ca+ in your blood

Thymus

it helps the body recognize and reject germs

*anterior pituitary*

-produces the most hormone

Epinephrine

(adrenaline)

-bring about a short-term responce to stress (fight or flight response

-leads to the brakdown (hydrolysis) of glycogen into glucose for energy

Aldosterone

the principal mineralocorticoid hormone that targets the kidney.

Oxytocin

-love hormone

-causes uterine contractions and milk letdown in lactation

-neurological impulses from pressure and irritation of uterus causes oxytocin release

-oxytocin causes contractins which causes more pressure and irritation -\> more oxytocin -\> more contractions

3 tropic hormones

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH): Stimulates thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormone

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): stimulates the adrenal cotex to produce cortisol

Gonadotrophic hormones (FSH & LH): stimulates the gonads to produce estrogen and testosterone

2 class of hormone

1. Peptide hormone (water soluble): they need membrane proteins to enter cell membrane as they are polar. (cant cross CM)

2. Steroid hormones (fat-soluble): hormones that are able to enter directly. Reception of this single hormone causesteh cell to produce a product by way of the cellular machinery for protein synthesis

Growth Hormones (GH)

stimulates bone and muscle growth, inceases protein synthesis and fat metabolism

Progesterone (Menstrual cycle)

-regulation of uterine cycle along with estrogen

insulin

-released after eating

-stimulates uptake of glucose by cells

-especially in muscle, liver, and adipose cells

-decreases blood glucose

Cortisol

principal glucocorticoid hormone

ACTIONS:

-promotes breakdown of muscle protein to amino acids

-promotes metabolism of fatty acids, spares glucose

-overall: promotes a rise in blood glucose and beneficial under stress

-Is anti-inflammatory

-can suppress the immune system

Thyroxine

-Also called thryoid hormone,

- produced and secreted by follicle cells in the thyroid gland.

-it targets all cells in the body and increases overall body metabolism.

Parathyroid hormone

-causes increase in blood calcium and decrease in blood phosphate

-increase osteoclast activity and the reabsorption of Ca+ by the kidneys

-is anatagonistic

negative feedback

when blood calcium levels increase, PTH is shut off (negative feedback + Ca+ \= -PTH | -Ca+ \= +PTH

Estrogen

-stimulates growth of uterus and vagina

-egg maturation

-female secondary sex characteristics

goiter

-enlargement of the thyroid gland

-Iodine deficiency causes simple goiter.

Testosterone

-Male sex hormone

-regulates male functions

diabetes mellitus Type-1 (Insulin Dependent)

-lack off insulin (pancreas does not produce

-May also be an autoimmune condition

-developes usually during childhood

-as cells break down fats for energy, ketones build up in blood

-insulin overdose

Lub

closing of AV valves

dub

closing of Semilunar Valves

Capillaries

-join arterioles to venules

-conduct blood from arterioles to cells

-supply cell with their requirments and take away waste products

pulmonary artery

Carry oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs

pulmonary veins

Carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium

Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava

carry oxygen-poor blood from body to the right atrium

Tidle Volume

the vol. of air that is inhaled and exhaled in a normal breathing movement when body is at rest.

residual volume

The amount of gas that remains in the lungs and the passageways of the respiratory system even after a full exhalation.

pleural membrane

-thin, double-layerd membrane that surrounds the lungs

-membrane that encloses the lungs within the rib cage

Vagus Nerve (wandering nerve)

-connects to many internal organs.

Artery

-3 layer wall

-inner endothelium, middle thickest layer, smooth muscle

-outer connectivev tissue w elastic tissue

Artery function

circulate oxegenated blood to the blood tissue at high pressure away from the heart

Coranary arteries

-first branch off the aorta and lie on exterior surface of the heart

-they will divide into smaller arterioles

Blood components

1. Plasma 55% 2. formed elements 45 % 3. 91% of plasma is H2O

Formed elementa

1- Erythrocytes: red blood cells 2- Leukocytes: white blood cells 3- Thrombocytes: platelets

Rh factor

-The presence of the protein, or lack of it, is reffered to as the Rh (for rhesus factor)

-If your blood does contain the protein your blood is said to be Rh+. If your blood does not contain the protein your blood is said to be Rh-

systolic pressure

When chambers are contracting

diastolic pressure

When chambers are relaxing

Fibrin

thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin which builds a network to form a solid clot.

Anemia

caused by low levels of iron and low levels of RBS

Tromboplastin

Injured tissue released thromboplastin

Thromboplastin stimulates teh production of more prothronmbin activater. this process requires Ca+

coronary circulation

circulation of blood in the vessels of the heart muscle (myocardinum)

ECG waves (P)

Atrial contraction begins

Space b/w P + Q (ECG waves)

impulse delay at AV node, ventricles fill

Q (ECG waves)

Ventricular excitation in heart apex. Bicuspid and tricuspid valves close (LUB)

R/S (ECG waves)

Ventricular excitation complete

T (ECG waves)

ventricular relaxation. semilunar valves close (DUB)

QRS

shows electrical activity just before ventricular contraction (large spike)

Inhalation

-external rib muscle and diaphram contract

-expands the rib cage upward and outward, and the floor of chest cavity down.

-the volume of thoracic cavity increased, and the air is contained in a larger space

-When molecules of gas are further apart, they exert less outward pressure