AP Human Geography AP Exam Review

What is a reference map?

a map that displays boundaries, names, and unique identifiers of standard geographic areas, as well as major cultural and physical features

What is a thematic map?

a map that emphasizes a particular theme or special topic (these maps are the focus of Human Geography)

What is a cartogram?

a map that distorts land area to show changes in value; the greater the value being measured, the greater the land area and vice versa.

What is a choropleth map?

a map that uses different shades to show the variation of the values. When looking at this type of map, when you see a darker shaded area that typically means that it has a higher, more dense value.

***TRICK TO REMEMBER ABOUT CHOROPLETH MAPS**

WHEN TRYING TO NAME THIS MAP, JUST LOOK AT THE ONE WITH MULTIPLE DIFFERENT SHADES OF 𝘾𝙊𝙇𝙊𝙍𝙎, THINK 𝘾𝙃𝙊𝙍𝙊

What is a dot map?

a map that uses dots to show different values; more dots=greater value

What is a graduated symbol map?

a map that uses a symbol to represent a certain value; the larger the symbol, the higher the value, and vice versa

What is an isoline map?

a map that uses lines to link different places that share a common value

What is relative space?

space that is created and defined by how humans interact with the environment

What are Geographic Information System's built around

Spatial and attribute information

Why are GIS's criticized for?

Being too expensive, creating a power divide, and promoting a strongly western view of the world

What system is used across all fields of study to create maps that communicate, perform analysis, share information, and solve problems globally?

A Geographic Information System

What does remote sensing do?

It gathers information on earth by using sensors on aircraft's and satellites without making any physical contact with the object

Remote sensing has applications in what fields

natural resource management, hazard assessment, and coastal and ocean applications

What is a satellite navigational system

A system of satellites that provide geospatial positioning

Satellite navigational system's allow electronic receivers to determine what

their location with precision

What is a global positioning system (GPS)

Uses lines of latitude and longitude to allow users to find their exact location, velocity, time and weather conditions anywhere in the world

What is a field observation and what spatial info can you gain

Its where you observe people in absolute space and situations and the spatial information you can gain are Architecture, land use, settlement patterns, and climate effects

What is a media report and what spatial info can you gain

A form of communication from media companies about different human interactions and the spatial information you can gain are land use, agricultural patterns, and economic impacts

What is a travel narrative and what spatial info can you gain

A written first hand account from people visiting a place and the spatial information you can gain are settlement patterns, transportation, land use, and architecture

What is a policy document and what spatial info can you gain

An official paper that defines the rules, guidelines, and regulations of a place and the spatial information you can gain are land use, settlement patterns, and economic patterns

What is a personal interview and what spatial info can you gain

Someone explaining their observations or opinions and the spatial information you can gain are transportation patterns, settlement patterns, architecture, and climate effects

What is a landscape analysis and what spatial info can you gain

A study of how the land is being used and of the human environment interactions and the spatial information you can gain are land use, agricultural practices, and climate effects

What is a photographic interpretation and what spatial info can you gain

The studying of a photograph and the spatial information you can gain are agricultural practice, land use, settlement patterns, architecture, and transportation

What is geospatial data

Any data with a geographic aspect that refers to a postion on the earth: a house, building, landmark, etc.

How is geospatial data analyzed

By geographical tools

Ex: Remote sensing, GPS, GIS

What is geospatial data categorized as

vector or raster data

What does vector data use

points lines and polygons

What does vector data represent

Spatial features like cities roads and streams

What is raster data made up of

Grid cells and pixels each pixel has a value

What does raster data show

It shows elevation, satellite images, or paper maps

What is geospatial data used for

Used for businesses incorporate geospatial data into their analysis reporting, and forecasting to exceed competitors through smarter use of their data.

Governments use geospatial data from censuses to show who people are, where they live and to draw out congressional and state legislative districts.

Governments also use geographical tools like remote sensing, GIS, and GPS for satellite imagery.

What does absolute mean in ap human geography?

with a quantitative (numerical) measure (meaning location, distance, and direction)

What is an example of absolute distance?

505 miles

What is an example of relative distance?

30 minutes South

What are the types of distance and direction represented on maps?

absolute and relative

What does uniform mean in spatial patterns on maps?

evenly spaced

What does elevation mean in spatial patterns on maps?

using levels of how high/low something is located on the Earth's surface

What does agglomeration mean in spatial patterns on maps?

grouped together purposely

What does sinuous mean in spatial patterns on maps?

What does random mean in spatial patterns on maps?

configured in no specific pattern

What does linear mean in spatial patterns on maps?

shown in a line configuration

What is a map projection?

a transformation of the latitudes and the longitudes of locations of a sphere (like Earth) into locations on a flat surface (map)

What is the type of the Robinson projection and who is the creator?

It is a Compromise projection and the creator was Arthur Robinson.

What is the type of the Polar projection and who is the creator?

It is an Azimuthal Equidistant projection and the creator was Guillaume Postel.

What are the benefits of the Robinson projection?

It shows accurate shapes and sizes (area) of land masses.

What are the benefits of the Peters projection?

It doesn't have much distortion of continents (size is preserved). It is also a superior alternative to the Mercator projection.

What are the benefits of the Polar projection?

Its distances from the center (poles) are preserved.

What is the purpose of the Robinson projection?

It is commonly used by schools. It is also used in atlases.

What is the purpose of the Peters projection?

It is used for navigation. It is used in world maps.

What are the distortions of the Mercator projection?

The poles appear much larger than they are (areas become larger with latitude).

What are the distortions of the Robinson projection?

It distorts the poles.

What are the distortions of the Peters projection?

It distorts oceans.

What happens in a Conformal map projection?

The shapes of features are preserved on the map but the size of features may be greatly distorted.

What happens in an Equal Area map projection?

Oceans are distorted to minimize the distortion of the continents.

What are the distortions of the Polar projection?

It distorts land size. It distorts parallels of latitude.

What is the purpose of the Polar projection?

It is used by airline pilots to navigate the best routes around the Earth. It is used as an emblem on the United Nations flag.

What is the purpose of the Mercator projection?

It is the best map for nautical use to help ship captains. It is the most commonly used and accurate projection.

What are the benefits of the Mercator projection?

It preserves 90 degree angles and straight lines of longitude and latitude. It shows true direction.

What is the type of the Peters projection and who is the creator?

It is an Equal-Area projection and the creator was Arno Peters.

What is the type of the Mercator projection and who is the creator?

It is a Conformal projection and the creator was Gerardus Mercator.

________(amount) map projections distort the surface (distance, direction, area, or scale) in some fashion.

All

What does dispersal/scattered mean in spatial patterns on maps?

appears to be distributed over a wide area

What does clustering/clumped mean in spatial patterns on maps?

grouped/bunched together

What are the spatial patterns represented on maps?

Distance and Direction, Uniform, Clustering/Clumped, Dispersal/Scattered, Elevation, Agglomeration, Sinuous, Random, and Linear

What does relative mean in ap human geography?

with a qualitative (descriptive) measure that is represented by comparing it to a known geographical feature

What is a Geographic Information System (GIS)

A system designed to collect, store, analyze, and present georeferenced data (data tied to locations on earth)

What do population dynamics look at ?

It looks at how the population of a region, a country or even the world changes.

What are the 3 factors that contribute to population growth and decline?

Fertility, Migration, and Mortality

How is fertility measured?

It is measured using CBR (Crude Birth Rate), which is the number of births per 1000 people per year.

What is migration?

The movement of people to a new area. Doesn't change the total number of people on the planet but does change the people living in a specific area.

How is mortality measured?

It is measured using the CDR (Crude Death Rate), which is the number of deaths per 1000 people per year.

What are the 2 factors that increase the population of a country?

Birth and Immigration

What are the 2 factors that decrease the population of a country?

Emigration and Death

What is the total fertility rate (TFR)?

The average number of kids a woman will have in her life.

What is immigration?

The movement of a person into a country. It is usually into a more developed country.

What is emigration?

The movement of a person out of a country. It is usually out of a less developed country.

What is infant mortality rate (IMR)?

The number of deaths of children under the age of 1 per 1,000 people.

What is the Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)?

The percentage of population growth in an area excluding migration.

What is the formula for the Rate of Natural Increase?

RNI= (Crude Birth Rate - Crude Death Rate)/ 10

Is the Rate of Natural Increase high or low in less developed countries and why?

It is high because the crude birth rate in those countries is high.

Is the Rate of Natural Increase high or low in more developed countries and why?

It is low because their crude death rate is high and their crude birth rate is low.

What is doubling time?

The amount of time it will take for a population to double in size.

What is the formula for doubling time?

doubling time= 70 / RNI (Rate of Natural Increase)

Why is the crude death rate not very accurate sometimes? You won't be able to tell if high crude death rates are due to living conditions or what?

It is not very accurate because it is not age based. You won't be able to tell if high crude death rates are due to living conditions or an aged population.

The population dynamics of any country is based on their position in the what?

Their position in the Demographic Transition Model.

Countries in the Second Stage of the Demographic Transition Model tend to be more what? And what kind of Total Fertility Rate and Crude Death Rate does that lead to?

They tend to be more agriculture focused with a less educated workforce. It leads to a high Total Fertility Rate and a somewhat low Crude Death Rate.

Countries in the 4-5th stage of the Demographic Transition Model tend to be what? And what kind of Total Fertility Rate and Crude Death Rate does that lead to?

They tend to be well developed and educated. It leads to a low Total Fertility Rate and a high Crude Death Rate because of the aging population.

What does the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) show?

It shows a population change over time.

What is the DTM based off of?

It is based off of population trends in Europe.

Who was the DTM observed by?

Warren Thompson

What things does the DTM relate?

It relates changes in the rate of natural increase to social change as a result of urbanization and industrialization.

What does the DTM describe?

It describes a shift from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates over time.

What are the limitations of the DTM?

-it doesn't take migration into account

-it's only a partial picture of population change

-it has low predictive value

-it is not directly applicable to developing countries

-the times are based on the Western European experience

What is Stage 1 of the DTM called in terms of Industrialization?

Stage 1 is called the Preindustrial stage.

Is the birth rate high or low in Stage 1 of DTM and why?

It is high because children are needed for farming, children die at an early age, and there is no family planning.

Is there a natural increase or decrease in Stage 1 of the DTM?

It is stable or there is a very slow increase.

Is the death rate high or low in Stage 1 of DTM and why?

It is high because of disease, famine, and poor medical knowledge.

What are some examples of countries in Stage 1 of the DTM?

There are no example countries but the Amazon Tribe Basin is a region which is an example.

What is Stage 2 of the DTM called in terms of industrialization?

It is called the Early Industrial stage.