Eastern Religions Exam

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eastern religions
axial age between 5th and 6th century BC
far east- you look outward to the cosmos around you to discover reality
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chinese religions
not a religion of either or- they are a religion of and
shame and honor
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daoism
is a philosophy - way of life
- nature, mysticism, harmony
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confucianism
is a moral ethic - how you live it out
the life of morality and social ethics
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daoism founder
Lao-tzu
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confucian founder
confucius
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daoism texts
doedejing
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dao de jing
split in two parts: first one deals with the Dao (Way), second deals
with De (Power)
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The Daoist Cannon "Daozang"
three sections broken down into twelve section
contains scriptures, commentaries, hagiographies, cultivation manuals, and liturgies
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confucian texts
analects of confucius
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in eastern religions, there is always a struggle between doing what is right and staying loyal to someone
true
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Ch’i force
life force behind everything (harnessed through meditative techniques and martial)
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Sheng
noble sage who contemplates on nature to arrive at original state of oneness
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yin yang
harmonious interaction between opposing universal forces- symbols of faith
represents balance. Darkness (yin) and light (yang). You need both
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Analects
Collection of conversations between Confucius and others
- You have to do what is right (Yi), to become right in your character (Li), which gives you wren (quality of goodness, character) to become a Junzi (goal)
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beginning of daoism
original indigenous religion of china
began around 400 BC
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daoism was founded by
Lao Tzu but zhuangzi played a role
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Lao Tzu
born as an old man, highly respected. some believe that when he died, his body changed and formed parts of the earth
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Three pure ones
jade pure, upper pure, great pure
They are regarded as pure manifestation of the Tao and the origin of all sentient beings.
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daoism has a big _____ influence
buddhist
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general daoism beliefs
emphasize a contemplative lifestyle/renunciation of social
conventions/government in order to achieve a fusion with the Dao

- great respect for the natural world/nature
- belief in spirits of nature
- belief in the three jewels: moderation, compassion, and humility
- belief in the Dao rather than god, heaven, or hell
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religious daoism
- older magical and ritual-based traditions
- characterized by alchemy
- belief in pantheon of immortal sages
- search for bodily immortality
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philosophical daoism
- form of nature mysticism
- Daoist ideal – sage who contemplates nature to return to an original state of harmony with the mysterious principles (The Dao)
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the dao
explained as the mystery of mysteries
- source of all things created and uncreated
- similar to a god, but is not a being with form or body
- is the "creator" of all things but is also manifested in all things
- cannot be easily understood or explained
- reaching oneness with the Dao is how you achieve ultimate immortality
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Wu-wei
“non-action,” more like going with the flow
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dao rituals
meditation - creates a way to become one with the Dao
tai chi
feng shui
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confucianism was not popular during the life of confucius
true
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founded by confucius in ____
500 BC but nearly died out during the Qin Dynasty (~210 BC)
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Emperor Wu the Great established it as the national philosophy
true
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master kong is also known as
confucius
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master kong
Born in 551 BC into the shi class (administrators, advisors, etc)
- helped provide for his family at a young age
- held positions in the local governments
- gained a following as he travelled
- teachings were shaped by his experiences
- desired to bring China into another golden age by returning to ethical behavior
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confucianism core values
devotion to family (respect toward parents, older family members)
education and Learning (life-long process)
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Junzi
– goal of Confucianism
- culture individual who is revered for moral influence
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junzi prioritizes...
personal qualities and achievements rather than social status
- embodies the 5 virtues, adheres to the 5 relationships, etc.
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Shu and Confucius’s Golden Rule
reciprocity

“Do not do to others what you would not want done to yourself.”
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mandate of heaven
did not originate from Confucianism, but is supported by its principles
- belief that the ruler was divinely chosen by the Heavens (Tian)
- ruler has absolute power but absolute responsibility
- can be lost, leading to changes in dynasties
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five relationships in confucianism
ruler and subject
father and son
husband and wife
older sibling and younger sibling
older friend and younger friend
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Ren
benevolence
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yi
righteousness, your character
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li
propriety, ritual
**what you do in terms of ritual (Li comes out of Yi)
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Zhi
wisdom, knowledge
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Xin
trustworthiness, integrity
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wren
quality of being good
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divination
Practice seeking knowledge of future engaging with the spirit world
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shaman
Person posses able to engage with the world of spirit and bring healing
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taboo
A social custom prohibiting to talk about a person or substance
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evil eye
Curses are brought about by such a malevolent glance that can cause injury
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confucian traditions
bowing is respect
ancestor worship
formal mourning period
capping and hair pinning (entry to adulthood)
marriage ceremony
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Mencius and Idealistic Confucianism
- emphasized that rulers should be benevolent to their subjects
- belief that humans are naturally good
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Xunzi and Realistic Confucianism
- emphasized education and tradition
- belief that humans are naturally selfish
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Zhu Xi and Neo-Confucianism
- combined ideas from traditional Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism
- belief that all humans have qi that must be cultivated
- used meditation as a means of achieving moral perfection
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daoism and confucianism festivals
Chinese New Year – late January/early February
Qingming Festival (Tomb Sweeping Day) – April 4th or 5th
Dragon Boat Festival – late May/June
Mid-Autumn Festival – mid-September/early October
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japanese shinto founder
none, established in 6 AD
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shinto
the way of the spirits
- animstic faith. principles of buddhism and confucianism integrated (buddha as kami, confucian moral principles)
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shinto god
kami
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kami
general term for the entire range of divine beings that inhabit the world
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primary kami
amarterasu, the sun goddess
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kojiki
provides basic shinto mythology
record of ancient matters AD 620, story of kami
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torii
A magical gateway arch to the shinto shrine or holy powerful space
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misogi
Water purification ritual to cleanse evil used ceremonially in groups
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miko
Female shinto worship leader as a medium assisting the shine priest
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Nihongi
chronicles of japan AD 720, more comprehensive record of nations history
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After death, they are kami
true
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Yata no Kagami
representative of wisdom (mirror)
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Kusanagi
valor (nail)
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Yasakani no magatama
benevolence (beads)
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Tomow
earth, man, and sky
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Shide
acts as a boundary to the sacred
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susanoo
The god of the storms, brother to eh sun goddess exiled for misdeeds
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izanagi
This father god stirs waters with radial spear creates land of Japan
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motoori norinaga
Scholar reached shinto spirits, rejected other faiths to affirm the Kolki
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analects are like proverbs
true
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shrine categories
Imperial - created during the state shinto period
Inari - created for the kami of rice
Hachiman - created for the kami of war
Tenjin - created for the kami sugawara michizane
Engen - created for the kami of mount fuji
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izumo
annual collection of the kami at the yaisha shrine (relationship/marriage)
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ise
celebration of the amatesau, the sun goddess
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for festivals, kami is...
carried to the location of the festival on sacred vehicles called mokoshi
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japanese culture
endurance/stamina, omiyari (think of others), know role in society, respect based on role
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sickness = impurity
true
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shinto are spiritual, not religious
true
- not as many strict rules, no hierarchy- see each other as equals.
- peace between religions.
- emphasis on tradition and rules.
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challenges of faith
no absolute guidelines for faith, not a confirmed afterlife, death has a negative connotation.
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highest virtue in chinese religions
nobility
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who are the 3 noble sages?
Siddhartha Gautama (buddha seated in lotus position)
Confucius (prim and proper/ people can be redeemed by knowledge)
Lao Tzu (old master or old man/daodijing)
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buddhism can _____ the culture and context it is in
adapt
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counfcius analects and because of it he is made god
true
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golden rule
kunfutzu - treat others the way you want to be treated
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Japan is known as the
land of the rising sun
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neo-confucianism
buddha and daoism
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the japanese do not separate _______
material from the spiritual
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big picture in shinto religion
nationalism, power, pollution and purity (you can resist a power but you can only grieve person)
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big picture in confucianism
life philosophy and practical social ethics
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big picture in christianity
faith that works (divine grace)
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big picture in doaism
cosmic beauty and harmony with nature
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big picture in buddhism
life is transitory and enlightenment bliss
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dao is not a path
true, it is impersonal
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logos =
personal
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confucisnism boat festivals
Rice cakes eaten, and dragons made to war off evil spirits
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shinto haraigushi
Wade with White paper waves or placed for purification. Protection
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daoisms' taiji
Slow flow of martial arts movement beyond self-defense that
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buddhist oobon
Funeral Dance for the dead, offering prayers at their graves
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dao salvation
Becoming one with nature's mystical path and its spontaneous power