World History Chapter 4

Vocab

Knossos

Vast palace where rulers of this trading empire lived

Shrines

Areas dedicated to the honor of gods and goddesses

Frescoes

Watercolor paintings

Trojan War

War that took place around 1250 B.C.; Mycenaeans are best remembered for their part

Straits

Narrow water passages

Homer

Poet who lived about 750 B.C.; credited for writing Iliad and the Odyssey

Polis

City-state

Acropolis

High city

Citizens

Free residents

Monarchy

A government in which a hereditary ruler exercises central power

Aristocracy

Rule by hereditary landholding elite

Oligarchy

Power is in the hands of a small, wealthy elite

Phalanx

A massive tactical formation of heavily armed foot soldiers

Sparta

City-state built by the Dorians

Athens

Located in Attica; just north of the Peloponnesus

Democracy

Government by the people

Tyrants

People who gained power by force

Legislature

Lawmaking body

Alliance

A formal agreement between two or more nations or powers to cooperate and come to one another's defense

Pericles

Able statesman who provided a golden age for Athens after the Persian War

Direct Democracy

System in which citizens take part directly in the day-to-day affairs of government

Stipend

Fixed salary

Jury

A panel of citizens who have the authority to make the final judgement in a trial

Ostracism

Vote to banish, or send away, a public figure whom they saw as a threat to their democracy

Philosophers

Thinkers who used observation and reason to find causes for events; means "lovers of wisdom"

Logic

Rational thinking

Rhetoric

The art of skillful speaking

Socrates

An Athenian stonemason and philosopher; outspoken critic of the Sophists

Plato

Student of Socrates; where most of what we know about Socrates comes from

Aristotle

Plato's most famous student; developed his own ideas about government

Parthenon

A temple dedicated to the goddess Athena

Tragedies

Plays that told stories of human suffering that usually ended in disaster

Comedies

Humorous plays that mocked people or customs

Herodotus

Often called the "Father of History" in the Western world because he went beyond listing names of rulers or the retelling of ancient legends

Alexander the Great

Architect in the new era of Greek culture spreading from the Mediterranean to the borders of India

Phillip II

Lived in Thebes and had come to admire Greek culture; later hired Aristotle as a tutor to his young son Alexander

Assassination

Murder of a public figure

Assimilated

Absorbed

Alexandria

City in Egypt that was the very heart of the Hellenistic world

Pythagoras

Derived a formula to calculate the relationship between the sides of a right triangle

Heliocentric

Sun-centered

Archimedes

Most famous Hellenistic scientist; applied principles of physics to make practical inventions

Hippocrates

Greek physician who studied the causes of illnesses and looked for cures

Section 1 and 2 Powerpoint: Early People of the Aegean and Rise of the Greek City-States

Phoenicians

Minoans were a part of this group of people

Crete

Minoan civilization was on the island of

Greeks

Minoans influenced _____ living on the mainland

Egyptians, Sumerians

Traded with _____ and _____

Outposts

Set up _____ around Mediterranean Sea

Knossos

Rulers lived at

Shrines

Had palaces and religious _____

Frescoes

Walls were covered in _____; paintings depicted Minoan life

Volcanic eruption, earthquake, tsunami, invade by Mycenaeans

What are possible explanations for why Minoans disappeared?

Mycenaeans

Essentially the first Greeks

Sea traders

Were _____ like Minoans

Aegean

Mycenaeans civilization stretched beyond the

Minoans (writing)

Mycenaeans learned skills from

City-states

Lived in _____ on the mainland each with a king

Dorians

_____ (invaders from the north) replace them after their decline

Troy, Mycenae, Mediterranean, Black Sea

Trojan War was Economic rivalry between _____ and _____; wanted control over straits connecting _____ and the _____

- Caused by Paris kidnapping Helen
- 10 years they battle
- The result was that Troy was burned to the ground

Greek Legend of Trojan War

Iliad, Odyssey

Historians get most of their information from _____ and _____

Homer

Iliad and Odyssey are credited to _____ (blind poet)

Orally

The Iliad and Odyssey were passed _____ until finally written down

Greek

These stories gave an idea about _____ values

Honor, courage, strength, and eloquence

Greek values

River Valleys

People settled in

Balkan Peninsula

This separated different valleys; mountainous; cut off city-states from each other; led to rivalry and even war

Mediterranean Sea

Provided a link to the outside world

Traded, set up colonies

Greeks _____ and _____; spreading and absorbing ideas

Polis

Greek city-state

Acropolis

Highest and most fortified point of the city-state

Small

City-states had _____ populations; created a close community

Polis

_____ had a king; established a monarchy

Aristocracy

Power then switches to noble landowners, this is known as

Oligarchy

Power then switches to wealthy merchants, this is known as

Iron

This replaced bronze

Phalanx

New tactical method; reduced class differences

Dorians

Built the city-state of Sparta

Slaves

Turned conquered people into _____; also called helots

Strict

Sparta creates a _____ system because helots outnumber them

Two kings and council of elders; assembly made up of citizens (Spartan male over age of 30)

Government of Sparta society

- Every boy is trained from childhood
- Rigid discipline and tough exercise

Military state of Sparta

Soldiers

Women's main job is to produce

Rigid

Women had _____ exercise and must be obedient to husbands; could inherit property and run house when husband was away

Yes

Did Sparta isolate themselves away from other Greek city-states?

Monarchy, aristocracy

Athens evolved from a _____ to an _____

Nobles

Citizens were resentful of _____; demanded change

Democracy

Athens then moves to a _____; means government by the people; different meaning to the Greeks than us today

Solon's reforms

Chief official

Grant more citizenship, assemble more of a voice, and encouraged exports;

Solon's reforms included...

Citizenship was still reserved for the wealthy

Why were people still discontent with Solon's reform?

Tyrants

Gained power by force

Imposed much needed reforms, pushed towards a democracy, created a legislature, gave citizens more say in the government

Not all tyrants were bad; some good things tyrants did include...

Limited

Athenian democracy was quite _____

Landowning men

Citizenship was restricted to _____; excluded women, merchants, slaves, etc.

Yes

Were Athenians given more say in decision making than any other ancient civilization?

Men, religion, household

In Athenian society, Women must be guided by _____, played a role in _____, and for the most part were confined to the _____

No

Were girls allowed to go to school and get an education?