Grade 11 Biology Exam

terror and destruction

Binomial Nomenclature

2 part system for naming species

1st word - Genus Name, first letter capital, and italic

2nd word - Species

Panthera tigris

Taxonomic Ranks

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Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Kingdoms

THIS WAS A TEST QUESTION

bacteria, archaea, protista, plantae, animalia, fungi

bacteria - 6 points

Staphylococcus, prokaryote, unicellular, cell wall - peptidoglycan, autotroph and heterotroph, asexual

Archaea - 5 points

prokaryote, unicellular, occasionally no cell wall (not pep), autotrophs and heterotrophs, asexual

Protista - 5 points

eukaryote, unicellular and multicellular, cellulose cell wall or no cell wall, autotroph and heterotroph, sexual and asexual

Plantae - 5 points

eukaryote, multicellular, cellulose, autotroph, sexual

Animalia - 5 points

eukaryote, multicellular, no cell wall, heterotrophs, sexual

5 Different Virus Structures

adeno virus, HIV, rabies virus, bacteriophage T2, influenza virus

Lytic cycle

Attachment - proteins on surface of virus capsid bind to protein receptors on surface of host cell membrane

Entry - virus injects genetic material into host cell

Replication - host cell makes more viral dna or r na and proteins

Assembly - new viral particles are assembled

Lysis and release - host cell breaks open and releases new viral particles

Lysogenic Cycle

Attachment - proteins on surface of virus capsid bind to protein receptors on surface of host cell membrane

Entry - virus injects genetic material into host cell

Provirus formation - viral dna becomes part of host cells chromosome

Cell division - provirus replicates with hosts chromosomes

Provirus leaves hosts chromosomes

Replication - host cell makes more viral dna or r na and proteins

Assembly - new viral particles are assembled

Lysis and release - host cell breaks open and releases new viral particles

dichotomous key

extremophiles

archaea - live - extreme conditions

Thermophile - 5 points

heat lover - most heat tolerant - deep sea vents, hot springs - 120 deg celsius

Acidophile - 6 points

acid lover - pH of 0 - acidity of car battery acid - volcanic crater lakes, mine drainage lakes

Halophile

salt-lover - salt concentration of water exceeds 20% - live in concentrations as high as 37% - salt lakes, inland seas

8 characteristics used to classify animals

presence of a backbone

levels of organisms

number of body layers

symmetry of body plans

body cavities

segmentation

movement

reproduction

presence of a backbone

Invertebrates - no back bone

vertebrates - backbone

levels of organisms

classified by differences in structure, tissue, organ systems

number of body layers

ectoderm - outerlayer

mesoderm - middle layer

endoderm - inner layer

symmetry of body parts

radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry

radial symmetry and examples

body can be divided along any plane through central axis and roughly be identical halves

jellyfish, coral

bilateral symmetry and examples

can be divided along one plane through central axis and have identical halves

insects, vertebrates

body cavities

Coelom - fluid filled body cavity, provides space for development and suspension of organs and systems - coelomites, acoelomates

segmentation

division — multicellular bodies — series — repetitive segments

movement

active or sessile

reproduction

sexual, asexual

internal, external fertilization

non disjunction conditions and 2 types

errors in chromosome number

monosomy

trisomy

monosomy and example

one extra chromosome lost — non disjunction

turner syndrome - one lost x chromosome

trisomy 3 types

extra chromosome

Trisomy 21 - Down Syndrome

Trisomy 18 - Edwards syndrome

Trisomy 13 - Patau Syndrome

Diploid vs haploid

Diploid # - total count of chromosomes in somatic cells - 2n - 2 complete sets - one from each parent - 23 x 2 - 46 chromosomes

Haploid # - number of chromosomes in a single set in gamete cells - 23

DNA sequence

2 Invasive prenatal tests

amniocentesis

chronic villus sampling (CVS)

amniocentesis

Sample of amniotic fluid containing fetal cells is taken after the 14th week of pregnancy

chronic villus sampling (CVS)

Sample of cells from chorion (part of placenta) is taken after 9th week of pregnancy

incomplete dominance

Neither of two alleles for the same gene can completely conceal the eachothers presence

Codominance

Both alleles for a trait are equally expressed in a heterozygote

Autosomal Dominant pedigree

Affected child must have at least one affected parent to be affected

Unaffected child born of two affected parents

Autosomal Recessive pedigree

Two unaffected parents can have an affected child

Can skip generations

Sickle cell anemia

Sickle cell anemia

Hb^A - Normal red blood cell

Hb^S - Sickle cell

Type a blood type

IA IA homozygotes or IAi heterozygotes

Type b blood type

IB IB homozygotes or IBi heterozygotes

Type AB blood type

IAIB heterozygotes

Type O blood type

ii homozygotes, no antigen

Incomplete dominance punnet square examples

CRCR - R is color red, CWCW - w - white, CRCW - incomplete dominance

Mitosis

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telphase

prophase - 3 points

• DNA coils up and becomes visible as chromosomes

• nuclear membrane breaks down

• spindle fibres form.

metaphase

Spindle fibres guide chromosomes to cell equator

anaphase

The centromere splits, and sister chromatids are pulled apart.

telophase

Chromosomes uncoil and become less visible. A new nuclear membrane forms around each set.

meiosis I + before and after interphase and after meiosis I chart

prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I

prophase I

each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up side by side (synapsis), while they are lined up segments of the chromosomes may be exchanged (crossing over)

metaphase I

homologous chromosomes line up side by side in the middle of the cell

anaphase I

Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends. The cell goes from diploid to haploid.

fossils - 2 points

Remains or traces of organisms found in sedimentary rock

Reveals kinds of organisms that lived in the past

3 pieces of evidence of fossil record

Fossils found in young layers of rock are from recent geological periods vice versa

Fossils appear in chronological order

Not all organisms appear in the fossil record at the same time

types of fossils

Transitional fossils, vestigial fossils

transitional fossils - 2 points

fossils that show intermediary links between groups of organisms

shares characteristics to two now separate groups

vestigial fossils

reduced version of a structure that was functional in the organisms ancestors

sympatric speciation + example

When populations within the same geographical areas diverge, become reproductively isolated

Polyploid plant

Gradualism + example

Geological changes are not catastrophic but are instead slow and gradual

Floods in the past had no greater power than floods now

adaptive radiation

One original species splits into many different species, each adapted to different environments or ways of life.

mutation

introduces new alleles into a population, change that

randomly occurs in the dna of an individual

selective advantage

Genetic advantage that improves an organisms chance of survival usually in a changing environment

homologous structure

similar structural elements, different function

analogous structures

Structures of organisms that don't have a common evolutionary origin but perform similar functions

what are post zygotic isolating mechanisms for

Prevents hybrids from developing viable fertile individuals

hybrid inviability

Genetic incompatibility of interbred species may stop development of hybrid zygote during early stages

hybrid sterility + example

Hybrid offspring is sterile, representing reproductive barrier (mule)

hybrid breakdown

First gen hybrids of crossed species are viable and fertile offspring. Mating hybrids produce weak sterile offspring

peppered moth and natural selection

Peppered moths rest in trees, they are bird prey

Flecked moths in Manchester were camouflaged on white trees but the black moths were easily seen and eaten by birds so white flecked moths were more typical

50 years later the industrial revolution took place and soot covered Manchester's trees. Now the black peppered moths could camouflage better so they grew more popular

5 factors that change allele frequency

mutations, gene flow, non random mating, genetic drift, natural selection

Mutations

introduces new alleles into a population, change that randomly occurs in the dna of an individual

gene flow

flow of alleles into and out of a population, exchange of genes with another population, due mainly to migrations

non random mating

Preferred Phenotype, Inbreeding

preferred phenotypes

Selecting a mate based on physical and behavioral traits, prevents individuals with particular phenotypes from breeding

inbreeding

When closely related individuals breed together,

share similar genotypes — frequency — homozygous genotype increases

genetic drift

change in frequencies of alleles due to chance events in breeding populations

founder effect

by chance, a small number of dispersed individuals establish a new population. It carries on few alleles of the original population, diversity of population is limited. Increased inherited health conditions

inbreeding

When closely related individuals breed together, and share similar genotypes so the frequency of the homozygous genotype increases

bottleneck effect

By chance alone a severe environmental stress nearly wipes out an entire population. Some alleles may be lost forever because only a small number of individuals reproduce in the next generation. Low genetic diversity.

natural selection

nature selects, the ones that survive are the ones that can adapt to the environment and reproduce

3 types of natural selection

stabilizing selection, directional selection, disruptive selection

stabilizing selection

intermediate phenotypes of a trait, operates against extreme forms

directional selection

directional shift in the environment results in a shift in one extreme aspect of a trait. Phenotypes at one extreme.

disruptive selection

favors extreme phenotypes of a trait, not the intermediate

two types of speciation

sympatric speciation, allopatric speciation

sympatric speciation

When populations within the same geographical areas diverge and become reproductively isolated, polyploid plant

allopatric speciation

When a population is split into two or more isolated groups by a geographical barrier

5 sources of evidence for evolution

fossils, biogeography, anatomy, embryology, dna

biogeography

Study of where species live now and where they lived in the past.

anatomy

evidence — studying body structure, function

homologous and analogous structures

embryology

Study of early development before birth; similar embryos in different species show they come from a common ancestor.

DNA

similar patterns in dna sequences indicates that two species must have shared a common ancestor

how macromolecules in food are broken down

hydrolysis, enzymes

hydrolysis

chemical reaction - water breaks apart macromolecules - smaller molecules

enzymes

Protein molecule - speeds up important chemical reactions in body without being used up

inhalation

Warm, moist, clean air → from nasal passages → to pharynx → behind the tongue at base of pharynx is trachea → air enters trachea through glottis → passes through larynx → air passes through vocal cords (vibrate → sound) → moves down trachea → splits into bronchi → each bronchus enters a lung → bronchus divides into bronchioles → end in grape-like clusters called alveoli → surrounded by capillaries → gas exchange occurs

hemoglobin

helps transfer oxygen

av node - 3 points

When atria contract, signal is sent to the AV node

Transmits electrical signal that is transmitted through specialized fibres - bundle of His

Initiates simultaneous contraction of right and left ventricles