Respiratory System | Quizlet

What are the clinical signs of pneumonia/bronchopneumonia?

- Fever

- Tachypnea → dyspnea

- Cough + mucopurulent nasal discharge

- Crackles/wheezes

- ↓ appetite + milk yeild

- Cyanosis (severe)

How is pneumonia/bronchopneumonia treated?

- Antibiotics: amoxicillin, enrofloxacin

- NSAIDs

- Fluids

- O₂ therapy if severe

- Isolate + improve ventilation

What are general preventive measures for pneumonia?

- Avoid overcrowding

- Improve ventilation + ↓ drafts

- Dry bedding

- Vaccinate (IBR, PI3, BRSV, Pasteurella)

- ↓ stress

What are the key differences between bronchitis + bronchopneumonia?

Bronchitis:

- Lower fever

- Loud cough

- Harsh sounds

- No consolidation

Bronchopneumonia:

- Fever

- Nasal discharge

- Crackles/wheezes

- Consolidation

What causes interstitial pneumonia (fog fever)?

- Sudden change dry → lush pasture

- Tryptophan → 3-methylindole → alveolar injury

What are the clinical signs of Fog fever?

- Severe dyspnea

- ↑ HR

- Subcutaneous emphysema

- Harsh breath sounds

- Bloat ± diarrhea

How is Fog fever treated?

- No effective treatment

- Do not force to walk → may die

- Slaughter if severe

How is Fog fever prevented?

- Gradually move to pasture

- Feed hay before turnout

- Add monensin to ↓ tryptophan metabolism

What causes interstitial pneumonia (Farmer's lung)?

- Hypersensitivity to moulds/ dust

- Poor ventilation in barns

What are the clinical signs of Farmer's lung?

- Chronic cough

- ↓ body condition

- Dry crackles

- ↑ HR

- Sudden dyspnea if stressed

How is Farmer's lung treated?

- Dexamethasone or NSAIDs

- Remove from mouldy environment

- Keep outdoors

- Chronic → recurs

What causes lungworm pneumonia in 🐮, 🐑 + 🐐?

🐮: Dictocaulus viviparus.

🐑 + 🐐: Dictocaulus filaria, Muellerius capillaris.

What are clinical signs of lungworm pneumonia?

- Cough + dyspnea

- ↑ HR

- Weight loss

- Abnormal lung sounds

- Sudden death if heavy burden

How is lungworm pneumonia diagnosed?

- Fecal exam (Baermann - L1 larvae)

- ELISA (Abs or lungworm Ags)

- Bronchoscopy or tracheal wash (detect worm + larvae)

How is lungworm pneumonia treated?

Anthelmintics:

- Ivermectin (🐮 most common)

- Fenbendazole

- Albendazole

- Levamisole

How is lungworm pneumonia prevented?

- Regular deworming

- Avoid mixed grazing

- Rotate pastures yearly

What causes aspiration pneumonia?

- Ca drenching

- Stomach tube accident

- Force feeding calves

- Laryngeal paralysis, vomiting, choke

What are clinical signs of aspiration pneumonia?

- Cough

- Fever

- ↑ HR

- Abnormal lung sounds

- Fetid breath

- Dark nasal discharge

How is aspiration pneumonia treated?

- Severe → poor prognosis

- Mild → antibiotics + NSAIDs

What causes pulmonary emphysema?

- Alveolar overinflation/rupture

- Plant toxins (rape, fungi)

- Toxic gases

What are the clinical signs of pulmonary emphysema?

- Crackles

- Tympanic percussion

- Subcutaneous emphysema

How is pulmonary emphysema treated?

- Remove irritant

- Antihistamines or dexamethasone

- O₂ therapy if severe

What are causes of pulmonary edema?

- Pneumonia

- Anaphylaxis

- Acute left-sided heart failure

- Gas/plant poisoning

- Rapid IV fluid infusion

What are the clinical signs of pulmonary edema?

- Dyspnea

- Ventral crackles

- Frothy nasal discharge

- Moist cough

How is pulmonary edema treated?

- Remove cause

- NSAIDs or dexamethasone

- ± Furosemide

- O₂ therapy

- Dry environment

- Restrict IV fluids

What are the stages of pleuritis?

Day 1–3: dry friction rub

Day 3–4: fluid (exudate)

Day 4+: adhesions

What are the signs of pleuritis?

- Fever

- Shallow breathing

- Abdominal breathing

How is pleuritis treated?

- Long antibiotics (oxytetracycline, penicillin)

- NSAIDs (meloxicam, ketoprofen)

- Drain fluid if dyspnea

- Prognosis guarded

What is pleural effusion?

Fluid in the pleural space

What causes pleural effusion?

- Excess fluid (transudate or exudate)

- Blocked lymph drainage → fluid accumulation

How is pleural effusion diagnosed?

Thoracentesis

What is hydrothorax?

- Transudate accumulation in pleural cavity (clear, low protein)

- Signs: tachycardia, dyspnea

- Cause: CHF, hypoproteinemia

- Treat: thoracocentesis if severe

What is hemothorax?

Blood in pleural cavity

What are clinical signs of hemothorax?

- Pale mucous membranes

- ↓ TP, HCT

How is hemothorax treated?

- Thoracocentesis if dyspnea

- If mild → do not remove fluid (risk infection) → can absorb naturally

What is chylothorax?

Milky lymph fluid in pleural space

What causes pneumothorax?

- Lung rupture

- Rib fracture

- Secondary to emphysema

Pneumothorax pathogenesis

Air enters pleural space → lung collapse → ↑ intrathoracic pressure (esp tension pneumothorax)

What are clinical signs of pneumothorax?

- Dyspnea

- Hyperresonance

- Tension pneumothorax → collapse/death

How is pneumothorax treated?

- Mild: may resolve on it own

- Severe: thoracocentesis + chest tube under water seal

What are possible complications of pneumothorax?

- Pyothorax (pus in pleural cavity)

- Pleural adhesions

- Recurrent respiratory distress

What is pleuropneumonia?

- Inflammation of pleura + lung tissue

- Secondary to pneumonia/septic emboli

What are clinical signs of pleuropneumonia?

- Dyspnea

- Fever, toxemia

- Pain on breathing

- Muffled dorsal sounds

- Dull ventral percussion

How is pleuropneumonia treated?

- Long-term antibiotics (penicillin, oxytetracycline)

- NSAIDs

- Drain pleural fluid

What are general diagnostic methods for respiratory diseases?

- Auscultation + percussion

- Nasal swabs

- Tracheal wash

- Thoracocentesis

- CBC

- USG/X-ray

What supportive therapies are used in severe respiratory disease?

- O₂ therapy

- Nebulization

- Maintain hydration

- Energy-dense feed

How can respiratory outbreaks be prevented in herds?

- Vaccinate

- Quarantine new animals

- Disinfection + hygiene

- Good air flow

What environmental factors predispose to respiratory disease?

- High humidity

- Poor ventilation

- Ammonia

- Cold + draughts

- Transport stress