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type 1 diabetes
results from destruction of pancreatic cells that produce insulin
type 2 diabetes
progressive disorder in which body cells become less responsive to insulin; associated with obesity
insulin
A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells and tissues
77-99 mg/dL
normal fasting blood glucose
100-125 mg/dL
fasting plasma glucose in prediabetes
>126 mg/dL
Lab diagnosis of diabetes based on fasting glucose
hyperglycemia
high blood sugar
hypoglycemia
low blood sugar
glucagon
A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels
carcinogen
A cancer-causing substance
grilled meat
a food considered to be carcinogenic
thermogenesis
production of heat, especially through the processes of metabolism
female athlete triad
disordered eating, amenorrhea, osteoporosis
AMDR for carbs
45-65% of total calories
AMDR for fats/lipids
20-35% of total calories
AMDR for protein
10-35% of total calories
simple carbs
monosaccharides and disaccharides
complex carbs
polysaccharides (starches and fibers)
leptin
hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used
folate
B vitamin important in preventing neural tube defects in a fetus
thiamin
Vitamin B1, a coenzyme in metabolism
biotin
Vitamin B7, an important metabolic coenzyme
Pyridoxine
Vitamin B6, an important coenzyme in metabolism
Cobalamin
Vitamin B12, activates folate and is needed for cell division
ascorbic acid
Vitamin C, and antioxidant and coenzyme for collagen synthesis
atherosclerosis
condition in which fatty deposits called plaque buildup on the inner walls of the arteries
plaques
mounds of fat, mixed with minerals, that build up along artery walls in atherosclerosis.
LDL cholesterol
"bad" cholesterol delivers plaque to the arterial walls. ideally < 100 mg/dl
HDL cholesterol
"good" cholesterol; increases with exercise, ideally >60mg/dL
hemoglobin
iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen for delivery to cells
A1C
blood test that measures glycosylated hemoglobin to assess blood sugar control over time
outbreak
A sudden rise in the incidence of a disease, usually more than 2 foodborne illness cases
epidemic
A widespread outbreak of an infectious disease.
food intoxication
an illness resulting from ingestion of food containing a toxin
food poisoning
an illness usually caused by eating food that contains harmful bacteria or other pathogens
biotechnology
A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products
genetic engineering
Process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms
golden rice
Genetically modified rice that produces edible beta-carotene, which the body can turn into vitamin A
fatigue
the first sign of dehydration
heat stroke
a dangerous condition in which the body loses its ability to cool itself through perspiration
sports anemia
a transient condition of low hemoglobin in the blood, associated with the early stages of sports training or other strenuous activity
pernicious anemia
lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the bloodstream
iron-deficiency anemia
anemia caused by inadequate iron intake
amennorhea
absence of menstruation
niacin flush
painful tingling effect caused by too much nicotinic acid
pharmacological effect
the body's response to a large dose of a nutrient that acts like a drug at high levels
physiological
having to do with an organism's physical processes
cardiorespiratory endurance
the ability of your heart, lungs, and blood vessels to send fuel and oxygen to your tissues during long periods of moderate to vigorous activity
thermic effect of food
energy used to digest, absorb, and metabolize food nutrients
moderate intensity exercise
exercise that raises HR and RR but allows talking and is about 5/10 exertion
vigorous intensity exercise
Intense exercise that raises HR and RR and requires 7-8/10 exertion and disallows conversation
retinol-binding protein
a protein that is necessary to transport vitamin A from the liver to other tissues
vitamin A
Retinol, important for maintenance of the retina
DASH diet
to treat HTN; increase fruit, vegetables, and low fat dairy; k, mg, ca
riboflavin
B2, a coenzyme in metabolism
pellagra
the niacin-deficiency disease, characterized by diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and eventually death
beriberi
the thiamin-deficiency disease; characterized by loss of sensation in the hands and feet, muscular weakness, advancing paralysis, and abnormal heart action
ariboflavinosis
riboflavin deficiency that causes sore throat and swollen mucous membranes, cheliosis
diuretic
agent that increases urine output
Hyponatremia
deficient sodium in the blood
hypernatremia
high sodium levels in the blood
metabolic syndrome
A syndrome marked by the presence of usually three or more of a group of factors (as high blood pressure, abdominal obesity, high triglyceride levels, low HDL levels, and high fasting levels of blood sugar) that are linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes.
sports beverage
a good choice when exercising for a long time or after skipping a meal; should have 6-7% carbs
yo-yo dieting
a series of diets followed by eventual weight gain
fad diet
a diet that requires a major change in eating habits and promises quick weight loss
metabolism
the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials
potable water
water that is safe to drink
basal metabolic rate
the body's resting rate of energy expenditure
physiological fuel value
the number of kcalories that the body derives from a food
calorimetry
The measurement of heat changes; used to determine kcal content fo foods
Vitamin D
Enables the body to properly absorb and use calcium; the sunshine vitamins
rickets
osteomalacia in children; causes bone deformity
osteomalacia
disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency
brown fat
Source of heat unique to neonates that is capable of greater thermogenic activity than ordinary fat
adipose tissue
Tissue that stores fat.
visceral fat
fat located around major organs; also called intra-abdominal fat
vitamin precursors
transform into active vitamin forms inside the body
coenzymes
vitamins that assist in the normal functioning of enzymes
cofactors
nonprotein enzyme helpers
vitamins
Essential nutrients that do not yield energy, but that are required for growth and proper functioning of the body.
cholecalciferol
another name for Vitamin D3
sedentary
characterized by or calling for continued sitting; remaining in one place
B-vitamins
these water soluble vitamins interact with other water-soluble vitamins and act as coenzymes (catalysts) by facilitating enzymatic reactions
antioxidants
Organic molecules that help protect the body from harmful chemicals called free radicals
angina
chest pain
pallor
paleness
jaundice
yellowing of the skin
leptin resistance
a condition in which higher-than-normal blood levels of the hormone leptin do not produce the expected physiological response
physically fit
ready to handle whatever comes your way from day to day
stroke
Damage to the brain from interruption of its blood supply, aka CVA
myocardial infarction
the occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup (heart attack)
liposuction
removal of fat beneath the skin by means of suction
gastric sleeve surgery
a surgical procedure to treat obesity that involves removing a large part of the stomach so the remainder resembles a tube or sleeve in order to limit the volume that the stomach can hold
gastric band
synthetic material that makes stomach smaller, the synthetic material is filled with saline and can be adjusted
gastric bypass
reducing the size of the stomach and diverting food to the jejunum
antigen
A protein that, when introduced in the blood, triggers the production of an antibody
antibody
A protein that acts against a specific antigen
macrophages
cells that phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T cells
hypothalamus
a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature
scurvy
Vitamin C deficiency; results in a lack of collagen and loosening of joints and teeth, poor wound healing
