nutrition final heh

type 1 diabetes

results from destruction of pancreatic cells that produce insulin

type 2 diabetes

progressive disorder in which body cells become less responsive to insulin; associated with obesity

insulin

A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells and tissues

77-99 mg/dL

normal fasting blood glucose

100-125 mg/dL

fasting plasma glucose in prediabetes

\>126 mg/dL

Lab diagnosis of diabetes based on fasting glucose

hyperglycemia

high blood sugar

hypoglycemia

low blood sugar

glucagon

A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels

carcinogen

A cancer-causing substance

grilled meat

a food considered to be carcinogenic

thermogenesis

production of heat, especially through the processes of metabolism

female athlete triad

disordered eating, amenorrhea, osteoporosis

AMDR for carbs

45-65% of total calories

AMDR for fats/lipids

20-35% of total calories

AMDR for protein

10-35% of total calories

simple carbs

monosaccharides and disaccharides

complex carbs

polysaccharides (starches and fibers)

leptin

hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used

folate

B vitamin important in preventing neural tube defects in a fetus

thiamin

Vitamin B1, a coenzyme in metabolism

biotin

Vitamin B7, an important metabolic coenzyme

Pyridoxine

Vitamin B6, an important coenzyme in metabolism

Cobalamin

Vitamin B12, activates folate and is needed for cell division

ascorbic acid

Vitamin C, and antioxidant and coenzyme for collagen synthesis

atherosclerosis

condition in which fatty deposits called plaque buildup on the inner walls of the arteries

plaques

mounds of fat, mixed with minerals, that build up along artery walls in atherosclerosis.

LDL cholesterol

"bad" cholesterol delivers plaque to the arterial walls. ideally < 100 mg/dl

HDL cholesterol

"good" cholesterol; increases with exercise, ideally \>60mg/dL

hemoglobin

iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen for delivery to cells

A1C

blood test that measures glycosylated hemoglobin to assess blood sugar control over time

outbreak

A sudden rise in the incidence of a disease, usually more than 2 foodborne illness cases

epidemic

A widespread outbreak of an infectious disease.

food intoxication

an illness resulting from ingestion of food containing a toxin

food poisoning

an illness usually caused by eating food that contains harmful bacteria or other pathogens

biotechnology

A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products

genetic engineering

Process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms

golden rice

Genetically modified rice that produces edible beta-carotene, which the body can turn into vitamin A

fatigue

the first sign of dehydration

heat stroke

a dangerous condition in which the body loses its ability to cool itself through perspiration

sports anemia

a transient condition of low hemoglobin in the blood, associated with the early stages of sports training or other strenuous activity

pernicious anemia

lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the bloodstream

iron-deficiency anemia

anemia caused by inadequate iron intake

amennorhea

absence of menstruation

niacin flush

painful tingling effect caused by too much nicotinic acid

pharmacological effect

the body's response to a large dose of a nutrient that acts like a drug at high levels

physiological

having to do with an organism's physical processes

cardiorespiratory endurance

the ability of your heart, lungs, and blood vessels to send fuel and oxygen to your tissues during long periods of moderate to vigorous activity

thermic effect of food

energy used to digest, absorb, and metabolize food nutrients

moderate intensity exercise

exercise that raises HR and RR but allows talking and is about 5/10 exertion

vigorous intensity exercise

Intense exercise that raises HR and RR and requires 7-8/10 exertion and disallows conversation

retinol-binding protein

a protein that is necessary to transport vitamin A from the liver to other tissues

vitamin A

Retinol, important for maintenance of the retina

DASH diet

to treat HTN; increase fruit, vegetables, and low fat dairy; k, mg, ca

riboflavin

B2, a coenzyme in metabolism

pellagra

the niacin-deficiency disease, characterized by diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and eventually death

beriberi

the thiamin-deficiency disease; characterized by loss of sensation in the hands and feet, muscular weakness, advancing paralysis, and abnormal heart action

ariboflavinosis

riboflavin deficiency that causes sore throat and swollen mucous membranes, cheliosis

diuretic

agent that increases urine output

Hyponatremia

deficient sodium in the blood

hypernatremia

high sodium levels in the blood

metabolic syndrome

A syndrome marked by the presence of usually three or more of a group of factors (as high blood pressure, abdominal obesity, high triglyceride levels, low HDL levels, and high fasting levels of blood sugar) that are linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes.

sports beverage

a good choice when exercising for a long time or after skipping a meal; should have 6-7% carbs

yo-yo dieting

a series of diets followed by eventual weight gain

fad diet

a diet that requires a major change in eating habits and promises quick weight loss

metabolism

the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials

potable water

water that is safe to drink

basal metabolic rate

the body's resting rate of energy expenditure

physiological fuel value

the number of kcalories that the body derives from a food

calorimetry

The measurement of heat changes; used to determine kcal content fo foods

Vitamin D

Enables the body to properly absorb and use calcium; the sunshine vitamins

rickets

osteomalacia in children; causes bone deformity

osteomalacia

disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency

brown fat

Source of heat unique to neonates that is capable of greater thermogenic activity than ordinary fat

adipose tissue

Tissue that stores fat.

visceral fat

fat located around major organs; also called intra-abdominal fat

vitamin precursors

transform into active vitamin forms inside the body

coenzymes

vitamins that assist in the normal functioning of enzymes

cofactors

nonprotein enzyme helpers

vitamins

Essential nutrients that do not yield energy, but that are required for growth and proper functioning of the body.

cholecalciferol

another name for Vitamin D3

sedentary

characterized by or calling for continued sitting; remaining in one place

B-vitamins

these water soluble vitamins interact with other water-soluble vitamins and act as coenzymes (catalysts) by facilitating enzymatic reactions

antioxidants

Organic molecules that help protect the body from harmful chemicals called free radicals

angina

chest pain

pallor

paleness

jaundice

yellowing of the skin

leptin resistance

a condition in which higher-than-normal blood levels of the hormone leptin do not produce the expected physiological response

physically fit

ready to handle whatever comes your way from day to day

stroke

Damage to the brain from interruption of its blood supply, aka CVA

myocardial infarction

the occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup (heart attack)

liposuction

removal of fat beneath the skin by means of suction

gastric sleeve surgery

a surgical procedure to treat obesity that involves removing a large part of the stomach so the remainder resembles a tube or sleeve in order to limit the volume that the stomach can hold

gastric band

synthetic material that makes stomach smaller, the synthetic material is filled with saline and can be adjusted

gastric bypass

reducing the size of the stomach and diverting food to the jejunum

antigen

A protein that, when introduced in the blood, triggers the production of an antibody

antibody

A protein that acts against a specific antigen

macrophages

cells that phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T cells

hypothalamus

a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature

scurvy

Vitamin C deficiency; results in a lack of collagen and loosening of joints and teeth, poor wound healing