Studied by 2 peopleWhen about was the Hellenistic period
320 BCE
What were the 3 types of “schools” during the hellenistic period?
rationalists, methodists, and empiricists
Who was a prominent empiricists
Celsus
who are prominent rationalists
hippocratics, herophilos, and erasistratos
How do the rationalists treat medicine
to treat the disease we need to know what causes
How do the empiricists treat medicine
as long as you know how to treat a disease, you do not need to know what causes it
what is the tripod the empiricists rely on
accute observation, library, and understanding the limitation of similarity
when does the roman republic gain supremacy in the mediterranean
2nd c. BCE
who becomes emperor and ushers in the roman empire
Augustus Caesar
who was the first greek doctor to practice in rome
Archagathus
how did romans feel about greek medicine in the roman empire
did not like it, too invasive
what is the main way the roman empire left their mark on healing practices
bath houses
when does greek medicine become a normal part of roman culture
2nd c CE
how does asclepiades view the body
pores and corpuscles (diffusion)
how does erasistratus view the body
filling towards what is being emptied (vacuum pressure)
for asclepiades, what causes disease
inappropriate blockages or flows
what is medicine for the hippocratics
food
what is one of the common purges used in hippocratic medicine
hellebore
does hippocratic writing include why a specific drug is used
no
in hippocratic pharmacy, what is the most common number of ingredients in a medical recipe
4 to 5
what is dirt pharmacy
using urine or manure in gynecological medicine
around what time in Theophrastus around
300 BCE
what is theophrastus’s writings famous for
plant catalogues
for theophrastus, what is the power of the plant
flavor
where are the flavors/power of a plant best located for theophrastus
roots
what is scribonius largus known for
writing drug recipes
when was scribonius largus around
1st c CE
what is polypharmacy
the use of large numbers of ingredients
how many ingredients does scribonius largus recipes normally have
at least 7
what is dioscorides famous for writting
de materia medica
what is de materia medica about
plants or substances used in medicine, tells were they grow and how to collect and prepare
what is one of the most famous ancient drugs
silphium, fennel like plant
What is methodism
school of medicine based on asclepiades ideas
what was galen inspired by in rome regarding anatomical displays
spectacle
what writing talks about regimen based diet
Hippocrates, ancient medicine
which mediterranean city did the emperor constantine move the capital
constantinople
who wrote about all the diffferent kinds of medicine, like a guide
celsus, on medicine
which emperor did galen serve during his prime
commodus
which leader was assasinated on the ides of march
julius caeser
which philosopher says each animal body is designed to live a particular mode of life
aristotle
what period of mediteranian history was initiated by death of alexander the great
hellenistic period
why did silphium go extinct
overharvesting and climate change
who founded methodism (2)
themison and thessalus
what did methodists say about medicine
cant know the hidden causes or why they are sick but it is all causes by 3 manifest commonalities
what are the 3 methodist manifest commonalities
constriction, mixed, and laxity
what type of timed treatment did the methodists use
diatritus, every third day
why was methodism so popular in the roman empire
not much time required with a patient, no language barriers, no cultural barriers
Rationalists: science? can we know? treatments?
it is a science, we can know caues, treatments based on causes
Empiricists: science? can we know? treatments?
it is not a science, we can not know causes, only compare with past experiences
Asclepiades: science? can we know? treatments?
it is a science, know pores and corpuscles, treatments for blockages and flows
Methodists: science? can we know? treatments?
is a science, can not know cause, treatments are manifest and logical
when was soranus around
1st century CE
what kind of doctor is soranus
methodist
what is soranus’s most famous work
gynecology
what is ableism
discrimination against those with disabilities and in favor of able bodied people
who practiced midwifery in rome
older women in the family, slaves, professional women, and sometimes doctors if needed
who was gynecology written for
husbands and doctors
what are the julian marriage laws
laws to encourage having many sons
who enacted the julian marriage laws and when
augustus (in 1st c CE)
what is the main difference between hippocrate’s disease of women and soranus’s gynecology
more acceptance for variation and a woman’s experience in gynecology
where is galen from
pergamum
what century is galen from
2nd c CE
what is the text, my own books by galen about
all his books and what past drs said and why they are wrong.
who did galen say was the most right about the body and medicine
hippocrates
what is galen’s model of the body
the 4 humors
why did galen write my own books
counterfeit copies and a fire destroyed lots of his works
what did galen take advantage of in roman culture
spectacle
what does galen’s anatomical procedures talk about
basic procedures for how to conduct dissections
what is galen’s on mixtures about
the 4 qualities, black and yellow bile, blood, and phlegm
what is galen’s usefulness of the parts about
anatomy of the body, argues for intelligent design
what is the difference between darwinian evolution and galen’s teleology
darwin says creatures are always being optimized, galen says creatures are already optimized
how many temperaments/ mixtures/ kraseis does galen say there are
9
what is galen’s on the natural faculties about
what are the capacities and faculties that make the body parts function how they do
what are the 4 natural faculties for fetal development in galens opinion
attraction, assimilation, excretion, and growth
what is vitalism
each organ is made of a unique tissue and each has a particular capacity to perform a particular function
what is falsification
you can not prove a theory, you can only disprove a theory with a critical experiment
what is apodeixis
logical demonstration
what is an ad hoc explanation
an argument that explains why some experimental result in particular should be disregarded
what is the issue galen has with erasistratus’s body model
breathing is to receive a quality from the air, arteries carry blood, arteries are active
what does galen believe breathing is for
to cool the blood
what is galen’s exercise with a small ball
a game that is the best form of exercise
why is the exercise with the small ball the best
it imitates war
what is the alexandrian medical education based on
16 of galens booksw
when nestorian christians fled byzantium, what language did they translate greek into
syriac
who was hunayn ibn ishaq and what is he known for
physician in arabia, translated many galen books and plato and aristotle
how is the way hunanyn ibn ishaq translated different from before
tried to communicate the meaning of the texts, not word for word
what is hunayn ibn ishaq’s on his galen translations about
lists the works translated that were originally by galen
who was rhazes and what bodily model did he follow
an arabic doctor, followed humoral theory
what is prophetic medicine
recommendations concerning health by prophet mohammed
who is ibn sina and what did he do
muslim philosopher, wrote over 450 works
what is ibn sina’s canon of medicine about and when was it written
medical encyclopedia, becomes standard medical textbook, written in 1025
what did ibn sina include into the four humor theory in arabic medicine
seasons, times of life, and zodiac signs
for ibn sina, what are the 3 pheumas
natural, vital, and psychic
what was the framework for the renaissance
greek, roman, and arabic learning re-entered the intellectual culture
when was the renaissance
14th c CE
what made the printing press so important
speed of printing, reduced cost, and improved reproducibility
who was vesalius
dutch dr, anatomistw
what is vesalius most famous for publishing
on the fabric of the human body
what was interesting about how vesalius did dissections
he did them himself instead of having an assistant do it
who made the woodcuts for vesalius’s art
renaissance painter titian
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