STS 51 Final

When about was the Hellenistic period

320 BCE

What were the 3 types of “schools” during the hellenistic period?

rationalists, methodists, and empiricists

Who was a prominent empiricists

Celsus

who are prominent rationalists

hippocratics, herophilos, and erasistratos

How do the rationalists treat medicine

to treat the disease we need to know what causes

How do the empiricists treat medicine

as long as you know how to treat a disease, you do not need to know what causes it

what is the tripod the empiricists rely on

accute observation, library, and understanding the limitation of similarity

when does the roman republic gain supremacy in the mediterranean

2nd c. BCE

who becomes emperor and ushers in the roman empire

Augustus Caesar

who was the first greek doctor to practice in rome

Archagathus

how did romans feel about greek medicine in the roman empire

did not like it, too invasive

what is the main way the roman empire left their mark on healing practices

bath houses

when does greek medicine become a normal part of roman culture

2nd c CE

how does asclepiades view the body

pores and corpuscles (diffusion)

how does erasistratus view the body

filling towards what is being emptied (vacuum pressure)

for asclepiades, what causes disease

inappropriate blockages or flows

what is medicine for the hippocratics

food

what is one of the common purges used in hippocratic medicine

hellebore

does hippocratic writing include why a specific drug is used

no

in hippocratic pharmacy, what is the most common number of ingredients in a medical recipe

4 to 5

what is dirt pharmacy

using urine or manure in gynecological medicine

around what time in Theophrastus around

300 BCE

what is theophrastus’s writings famous for

plant catalogues

for theophrastus, what is the power of the plant

flavor

where are the flavors/power of a plant best located for theophrastus

roots

what is scribonius largus known for

writing drug recipes

when was scribonius largus around

1st c CE

what is polypharmacy

the use of large numbers of ingredients

how many ingredients does scribonius largus recipes normally have

at least 7

what is dioscorides famous for writting

de materia medica

what is de materia medica about

plants or substances used in medicine, tells were they grow and how to collect and prepare

what is one of the most famous ancient drugs

silphium, fennel like plant

What is methodism

school of medicine based on asclepiades ideas

what was galen inspired by in rome regarding anatomical displays

spectacle

what writing talks about regimen based diet

Hippocrates, ancient medicine

which mediterranean city did the emperor constantine move the capital

constantinople

who wrote about all the diffferent kinds of medicine, like a guide

celsus, on medicine

which emperor did galen serve during his prime

commodus

which leader was assasinated on the ides of march

julius caeser

which philosopher says each animal body is designed to live a particular mode of life

aristotle

what period of mediteranian history was initiated by death of alexander the great

hellenistic period

why did silphium go extinct

overharvesting and climate change

who founded methodism (2)

themison and thessalus

what did methodists say about medicine

cant know the hidden causes or why they are sick but it is all causes by 3 manifest commonalities

what are the 3 methodist manifest commonalities

constriction, mixed, and laxity

what type of timed treatment did the methodists use

diatritus, every third day

why was methodism so popular in the roman empire

not much time required with a patient, no language barriers, no cultural barriers

Rationalists: science? can we know? treatments?

it is a science, we can know caues, treatments based on causes

Empiricists: science? can we know? treatments?

it is not a science, we can not know causes, only compare with past experiences

Asclepiades: science? can we know? treatments?

it is a science, know pores and corpuscles, treatments for blockages and flows

Methodists: science? can we know? treatments?

is a science, can not know cause, treatments are manifest and logical

when was soranus around

1st century CE

what kind of doctor is soranus

methodist

what is soranus’s most famous work

gynecology

what is ableism

discrimination against those with disabilities and in favor of able bodied people

who practiced midwifery in rome

older women in the family, slaves, professional women, and sometimes doctors if needed

who was gynecology written for

husbands and doctors

what are the julian marriage laws

laws to encourage having many sons

who enacted the julian marriage laws and when

augustus (in 1st c CE)

what is the main difference between hippocrate’s disease of women and soranus’s gynecology

more acceptance for variation and a woman’s experience in gynecology

where is galen from

pergamum

what century is galen from

2nd c CE

what is the text, my own books by galen about

all his books and what past drs said and why they are wrong.

who did galen say was the most right about the body and medicine

hippocrates

what is galen’s model of the body

the 4 humors

why did galen write my own books

counterfeit copies and a fire destroyed lots of his works

what did galen take advantage of in roman culture

spectacle

what does galen’s anatomical procedures talk about

basic procedures for how to conduct dissections

what is galen’s on mixtures about

the 4 qualities, black and yellow bile, blood, and phlegm

what is galen’s usefulness of the parts about

anatomy of the body, argues for intelligent design

what is the difference between darwinian evolution and galen’s teleology

darwin says creatures are always being optimized, galen says creatures are already optimized

how many temperaments/ mixtures/ kraseis does galen say there are

9

what is galen’s on the natural faculties about

what are the capacities and faculties that make the body parts function how they do

what are the 4 natural faculties for fetal development in galens opinion

attraction, assimilation, excretion, and growth

what is vitalism

each organ is made of a unique tissue and each has a particular capacity to perform a particular function

what is falsification

you can not prove a theory, you can only disprove a theory with a critical experiment

what is apodeixis

logical demonstration

what is an ad hoc explanation

an argument that explains why some experimental result in particular should be disregarded

what is the issue galen has with erasistratus’s body model

breathing is to receive a quality from the air, arteries carry blood, arteries are active

what does galen believe breathing is for

to cool the blood

what is galen’s exercise with a small ball

a game that is the best form of exercise

why is the exercise with the small ball the best

it imitates war

what is the alexandrian medical education based on

16 of galens booksw

when nestorian christians fled byzantium, what language did they translate greek into

syriac

who was hunayn ibn ishaq and what is he known for

physician in arabia, translated many galen books and plato and aristotle

how is the way hunanyn ibn ishaq translated different from before

tried to communicate the meaning of the texts, not word for word

what is hunayn ibn ishaq’s on his galen translations about

lists the works translated that were originally by galen

who was rhazes and what bodily model did he follow

an arabic doctor, followed humoral theory

what is prophetic medicine

recommendations concerning health by prophet mohammed

who is ibn sina and what did he do

muslim philosopher, wrote over 450 works

what is ibn sina’s canon of medicine about and when was it written

medical encyclopedia, becomes standard medical textbook, written in 1025

what did ibn sina include into the four humor theory in arabic medicine

seasons, times of life, and zodiac signs

for ibn sina, what are the 3 pheumas

natural, vital, and psychic

what was the framework for the renaissance

greek, roman, and arabic learning re-entered the intellectual culture

when was the renaissance

14th c CE

what made the printing press so important

speed of printing, reduced cost, and improved reproducibility

who was vesalius

dutch dr, anatomistw

what is vesalius most famous for publishing

on the fabric of the human body

what was interesting about how vesalius did dissections

he did them himself instead of having an assistant do it

who made the woodcuts for vesalius’s art

renaissance painter titian