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have cells
characteristic of life
displaying organization
characteristic of life
Grows and develops
characteristic of life
Respond to stimuli
characteristic of life
maintain homeostasis
characteristic of life
require energy
characteristic of life
adapt and evolve
characteristic of life
reproduce
characteristic of life
Biology
study of organisms
protista
all unicellular organisms, more complex
Fungi
unicellular or multicellular all hetertrophic
plantae
multicellular plants that make their ownfood
Animalia
Multicellular and they eat their food
prokaryotic cells
do not have a membrane-bound nucleus or organelles
eukaryotic cells
contain a nucleus and organelles bound by plasma membranes.
Cell
building blocks of life
Prokaryote
A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Eukaryote
A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
bacteria
single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes
Cells, tissue, organs, organ systems
levels of organization
tissue
A group of similar cells that perform the same function.
Organ
A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body
organ system
group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
Community
All the different populations that live together in an area
Ecosystem
A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
Biosphere
part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere
Abiotic
Non-living
Biotic
living
Ecology
Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment
ultimate source of energy
solar energy
Photosynthesis
Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.
cellular respiration
Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
Reactants
A starting material in a chemical reaction
Products
The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction.
carbon dioxide, solar energy and water
Photosynthesis formula
energy flow
the flow of energy from an ecosystem to an organism and from one organism to another
Trophic Levels
The hierarchical levels of the food chain through which energy flows from primary producers to primary consumers, secondary consumers and so on.
primary producers
the first producers of energy-rich compounds that are later used by other organisms
primary consumers
animals that feed on producers; ex. herbivores
secondary consumers
eat primary consumers
tertiary consumers
eat secondary consumers
10% rule
Only 10% of the total energy produced at each trophic level is available to the next level. The amount of energy passed up to the levels of the food pyramid reduces as you go up.
Biomagnification
accumulation of pollutants at successive levels of the food chain
Autotroph
An organism that makes its own food
Heterotroph
An organism that cannot make its own food.
Herbivore
A consumer that eats only plants.
Carnivore
A consumer that eats only animals.
shivering
response to cold; body shakes to turn energy from food into body heat
sweating
Getting rid of excess heat through pores in the skin to stay cool.
Fevers
common in viral and bacterial infections to combat the invading organism
positive feedback loop
a feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified
negative feedback loop
Causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which it is moving
Homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
Ectotherm
An animal whose body does not produce much internal heat
Endotherm
An organism that is internally warmed by a heat-generating metabolic process
Growth vs. Development
Growth is getting bigger, and developing is sudden change in appearance
Zygote
fertilized egg
embryo
An organism in the earliest stage of development
fetus
In humans, the term for the developing organism between the embryonic stage and birth.
Growth
the process of increasing in physical size.
development
A process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology.
metamorphosis
change of form
Phototropism
Growth of a plant shoot toward or away from light.
Gravitropism
A growth response to gravity
Stimulus
any event or situation that evokes a response
responce
a reaction to a stimulus
Benefits of sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction produces a greater chance of variation within a species than asexual reproduction would.
This variation improves the chances that a species will adapt to his environment and survive.
disadvantage of asexual reproduction
the offspring has no genetic variation, thus making all the offspring identical to one another
how to tell if organisms belong to the same species
if they can interbreed to produce viable, fertile offspring
Budding
A form of asexual reproduction of yeast in which a new cell grows out of the body of a parent.
Fragmentation
A means of asexual reproduction whereby a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into whole new individuals.
binary fission
A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size
fragmentation vs regeneration
fragmentation is where new organisms are formed and regeneration is where parts of an organism regrow.
pollinators
Animals that carry pollen from one flower to another
Overy
produces eggs
Anther
the part of a stamen that contains the pollen.
pollen
A fine dust that contains the sperm of seed-producing plants
ovule
A structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant and contains the female gametophyte.
seed
The plant structure that contains a young plant inside a protective covering
fruit
A mature ovary of a flower that protects dormant seeds and aids in their dispersal.
human life cycle
A set of stages of human development that each present different challenges to be met or skills to be acquired.
egg
Female sex cell
Sperm
Male sex cell
Ovary
A flower structure that encloses and protects ovules and seeds as they develop.
Mitosis
part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides
Metosis
a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.
disadvantage of hermaphroditic plant reproducing with itself
deleterious effects of inbreeding on their progeny
Species
A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.
Hybrid
Offspring of crosses between parents with different traits
sterile
incapable of reproducing
fertile
Able to produce good crops
Gametes
sex cells
somatic cells
body cells
Pollination
The transfer of pollen from male reproductive structures to female reproductive structures in plants
Fertilization
Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell
natural selection
A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.
survival of the fittest
Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural selection
acclimation
an organism's change in response to a change in the organism's environment
Adaption
A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce