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Hinduism
A collection of many religious traditions; no single founder
Brahman
The ultimate reality; spiritual force behind everything
Atman
The individual soul; part of Brahman
Maya
Illusion; the world is not the ultimate reality
Moksha
Freedom from samsara; union with Brahman
Samsara
Cycle of birth, death, and rebirth
Karma
Law of cause and effect; actions affect future lives
Dharma
One's duty based on role in society
Deities
Gods/goddesses representing aspects of Brahman
Avatar
A god appearing in human/animal form
Krishna
Avatar of Vishnu
Rama
Avatar of Vishnu
Vishnu
Preserver god
Shiva
Destroyer god (also creator of change)
Brahma (god)
Creator god
Vedas
Oldest sacred texts; hymns and rituals
Rishis
Sages who wrote/recited the Vedas
Upanishads
Philosophical texts about reality and the soul
Shruti
"Heard" texts; most sacred (Vedas, Upanishads)
Smriti
"Remembered" texts; stories and epics
Mahabharata
Epic about family conflict
Bhagavad Gita
Part of Mahabharata; teaches duty and devotion
Ramayana
Story of Rama rescuing Sita
Guru
Spiritual teacher
Sanskrit
Ancient language of Hindu texts
Caste System
Social hierarchy based on birth
Brahmins
Priests/teachers (highest caste)
Kshatriyas
Warriors/rulers
Vaishyas
Merchants/traders
Shudras
Laborers
Asprishyas
"Untouchables," outside caste system
Ahimsa
Nonviolence toward all living things
Yoga
Spiritual practice to unite mind, body, spirit
Asceticism
Self-discipline and denial for spiritual growth
Meditation
Deep focus to understand reality and reach enlightenment
Vegetarianism
Practice due to belief in nonviolence
Sacredness of cows
Cows are honored and protected
Temple worship
Worship at temples with offerings and prayer
Puja
Ritual worship (at home or temple)
Pilgrimage
Traveling to sacred places
Festivals
Religious celebrations honoring gods
Path of Action (Karma Yoga)
Achieve moksha through good deeds
Path of Knowledge (Jnana Yoga)
Achieve moksha through wisdom
Path of Devotion (Bhakti Yoga)
Achieve moksha through love of a god
Reincarnation
Soul is reborn into a new body
Transmigration
Movement of soul into a new life form
Ahimsa (Gandhi)
Nonviolent resistance used for political change
Ashramas (Stages of Life)
Life divided into 4 stages (student, householder, hermit, ascetic)
Purusharthas
Four goals of life: dharma, artha, kama, moksha
Indus Valley Civilization
Early roots of Hinduism
Vedic Period
Time when Vedas were composed
Classical Period
Development of major beliefs and epics
Modern Period
Includes British rule and independence
Sikhism
Religion combining elements of Hinduism and Islam
Gurdwara
Sikh place of worship
Granthi
Reader of Sikh scriptures
Five Ks
Articles of faith worn by Sikh men