History 1010 Burke Exam 1

the first human who left remains of her bones; she lived around 3.5 million years ago.

Lucy

the tool maker

homo habilis

the upright man

homo erectus

thinking in terms of symbols, ideas, and concepts (numbers, letters, time, cave paintings, etc.)

abstract thinking

the thinking man

homo sapiens

a member of a nomadic group whose food supply depends on hunting animals and collecting plant foods

hunter-gatherer

how the great ice age affected human migration

it lowered sea levels revealing land bridges

a family, clan, or other group based on kinship. kinship is a blood relationship (like family)

kinship groups

marked the neolithic age

agriculture and permanent settlements

An epic poem from Mesopotamia, and among the earliest known works of literary writing.

the epic of gilgamesh

pictographic writing

Cuneiform

how the creation of agriculture pushed the arts and sciences

less people were needed for food production, leaving time for seperate more specialized jobs

rivers bordering mesopotamia

Tigris (north) and Euphrates (south) Rivers

characteristics of the tigris and euphrates rivers

it flooded violently

how rivers could help civilizations

gentle flooding could leave silt deposits and help agriculture

how rivers could harm civilizations

violent flooding could wash awa y crops, homes, and people

helped mesopotamians control amounts of water to lessen impacts of floods and drought

irrigation

major settlement functioning under its own government, controlling written records and agricultural settlements around it

city-state

skilled government employees trained to write in cuneiform

scribes

A rectangular tiered temple or terraced mound to respect the gods

ziggurat

earliest known lugal (king) who ruled babylon and is known for his written legal code

Hammurabi

his tomb contained items a pharoh would need in the afterlife and escaped the attention of theives

pharoh tutankhamun

river egyptian civilization depended on

the nile river

characteristics of the nile river

its floods were regular and predictable

Egyptian term for the concept of divinely created and maintained order in the universe

ma'at

mesopotamian ruler chosen by the gods

lugal

egyptian ruler of divine origin

pharoh

egyptian cunieform

heiroglyphics

built the pyramids

farmers

how the egyptians had such a good understanding of the human body

mummification

A civilization to the south of Egypt in the Nile Valley, noted for development of an alphabetic writing system and possession of gold, ivory, and ebony

nubia

First female pharaoh who expanded Egypt through trade

hatshepsut

invaded egypt pushing nubians back to political and social concentration

the assyrians

known for cruelty and military prowess; inspired the poem ozymandias by percy bysche shelley

rameses ii

Judaism, Christianity, Islam

abrahamic religions

mountains to the north of india

the himalayas

weather events india experienced that were predictable heavy periods of rainfall

monsoons

The four major social divisions in India's caste system

varna

The belief that actions in this life will decide your caste in the next life

karma; reincarnation

the professional and moral duties of an individual in ancient indian culture

dharma

main religion in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms

hinduism

pacifistic religion stressing self denial of immediate pleasures

jainism

concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths

moksha

inspired buddhism

Siddhartha Gautama (Buddah)

the fourth noble truths

Life is suffering, desire causes suffering, desire can be overcome, follow the Eightfold Path to conquer desire

Buddhist sect that focuses on the traditional wisdom of the Buddha

theravada buddhism

Buddhist sect that focuses on the mystical compassion of the Buddha

mahayana buddhism

military and administrative powerhouse that established an extremely successful state system

Persian (Achaemenid) Empire

the nature of china's rivers

violent and unpredictable

the rivers of china

huang he (north) and yangtze (south)

creating flat platforms in the hillside that provide a level planting surface, which reduces soil runoff from the slope.

terracing

the earliest known dynasty; no written evidence of this early time period, but artifacts have been found; the people of this time were farmers and made pottery.

xia dynasty

Second Chinese dynasty; used oracle bones for telling the future on the bottoms of tortoise shells

shang dynasty

the longest lasting Chinese dynasty, during which the use of iron was introduced

zhou dynasty

a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source

mandate of heaven

A religion in China which emphasizes the removal from society and to become one with nature; "inward" focused

daoism

A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius; shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct

confucianism

A Chinese philosophy that was devoted to strengthen and expand the state through increased agricultural work and military service; called upon ruler to give out harsh punishment for any offense

legalism

time of warfare between regional lords following the decline of the Zhou dynasty in the 8th century B.C.E.

warring states period

The first centralized dynasty of China that used Legalism as its base of belief and used standardization of currency, measurement, and language to unify china

qin dynasty

a wall marking the boundaries of chinese territory

the great wall

dynasty that established the silk road connecting china to europe

han dynasty

a web of trade routes from china to europe; not owned by a single entity; traded goods AND ideas

the silk road

when the silk road dismantled

1453

why the silk road dismantled

Ottoman forces captured Byzantine Capitol of Constantinople

the most valued commodity traded on the silk road

spices

was the only option after the silk road dismantled

sea travel

a strip of land connecting Alaska with Russia that emerged from underwater around 38,000 BC

bering land bridge

First society people located in central North America; practiced large scale agriculture; known for mounds

mississippians

maize, beans, and squash

the three sisters

nomadic society of hunter-gatherers; hunted buffalo

plains people

One of the earliest farming cultures in North America who lived in the Southwest; known for calendar building

anasazi people

why the anasazi peoples disappeared

climatological changes

oldest civilization in the americas; built bird bone flutes

Caral, Peru

built large stone heads

Olmecs

civilization that was ritualistically burned

Teotihuacan, Mexico

where was mayan civilization located

Yucatan Peninsula

dependent on venus; 260 days

mayan ritual calendar

18 months; 5 "unfavorable" days

mayan solar calendar

5,125 year period of time, based on the combination of Religious and Solar calendars; when calendars overlapped there were more sacrifices

Long Count Calendar

Did this to appease the gods and "feed" them; blood letting

mayan sacrifice

fierce war-like spirit; used copper and obsidian to make weapons and tools

the aztecs

sharp, obsidian, Aztec sword-club

Macuahuitl

A people from central Anatolia who used horse-drawn chariots and had unprecedented agility; known for capture and enslavement

hittites

conquered the hitties

the Assyrian Empire

used by the assyrians to maintain obedience from it's subjects

Propaganda

Conquered the Assyrians. Second wave of Babyolonian rule. They were led by Nebuchadnezzar II, who diffused culture, causing a golden age.

neo-babylonians

located on eastern Mediterranean coast; invented the alphabet which used sounds rather than symbols like cuneiform; took advantage of collapsing empires to spread their influence

phoenicians

The name of an ancient Persian Empire which was composed of many smaller kingdoms. The realm was divided into twenty-three satrapies whose administration and taxation was managed by subordinate local rulers.

Achaemenid Empire

created the achaemenid empire

cyrus the great

how the achaemenid empire maintain imperial control

used a representative form of imperial control that allowed people to continue to used familiar governments and social structure while still paying homage to the persians

governors of provinces in the Persian Empire

satraps

After the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization, Greece entered a difficult period in which population declined and food production dropped. Also writing was lost during this time peroid

greek dark age

A city-state in ancient Greece.

polis

where democracy was established in greece

athens

father of history

herodotus

Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes; sent to death for corrupting the youth of athens and not believing in the gods of the city

socrates

Greek victory over the Persian army that ended the First Persian War; was going to burn athens but had fastest runner stop the burning

battle of marathon

what sparta was militaristically known for

land-bound fighting skills

what athens was militaristically known for

naval prowess