People on USH1 Final

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Carrie Chapman Catt

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US History

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1

Carrie Chapman Catt

  • suffragette

  • president of the National Women's Suffrage Association

  • founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance

  • Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment

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2

Alice Paul

  • suffrage

  • quaker

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3

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

  • wrote Declaration of Sentiments

  • organized first woman suffrage convention (Seneca Falls)

  • Convinced people at women’s rights convention that suffrage was a priority

  • co-founded NAWSA

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4

Ida Tarbell

  • father was partners with Rockefeller

  • She exposed Rockefeller’s corrupt practices in The History of Standard Oil

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5

Jacob Riis

  • reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived 

  • Wrote How the Other Half Lives

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6

Upton Sinclair

  • wrote the Jungle

    • about meat industry’s unsanitary practices

    • meat was mixed with other things (rats, feces, hair, etc.)

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7

Judge Taney

  • in the Dred Scott case

  • ruled against Dred Scott → said that Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional

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8

William Jennings Byran

  • advocated for farmers + working class

  • gained massive support of populist party after “Cross of Gold“ speech

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9

Harriet Beecher Stowe

  • wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin

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10

Teddy Roosevelt

  • Trust buster even though friends with JP Morgan

  • Big problem is that trusts control the country and that’s bad

  • In wilson’s administration they come up with the federal reserve board (put power in PA instead of wall street)

  • Set precedent of busting trusts and siding on the alliance with the workers or whoever had a beef against the trust

  • First threat to the security of the country happened when the coal miners threatened to go on strike. What was their beef?

  • Coal miners strike (1902)

    1. Conditions:

      1. Was super dangerous

      2. Coal was energy source and heat

      3. Management had the ball until they went on strike

      4. Miners got coal miner's lung

      5. bad posture

      6. Worked in the dark and came home in the dark

      7. Visual challenges

      8. The pay was based on how many shovels you did. They made the shovels fatter.

    2. Reactions of miners:

      1. Form strong union

      2. Management was firmly against the workers.

    3. Reaction of mine owners:

      1. Against workers

    4. T.R.’s action: he threatened to call in the army unless they sat down and talked it out because they really needed coal. 

    5. Resolution: Northern Securities case

  • Type of company:

    1. They controlled the railroads and these guys were trying to join a railroad to make one big railroad and get a monopoly on the northwest area of railroads. You couldn’t have one company there calling the shots or else they would charge whatever you want

  • Unfair practices:

    1. monopoly

      1. would be able to set the prices of the railroad to whatever they wanted

  • T.R.’s action:

    1. Teddy sues the railroad and JP Morgan is sad but railroads are so important that Teddy is like sorry man y gotta do what ya gotta do. The coal moved the trains and the trains moved the coal. (this is when he gets the nickname Trust-Buster

  • Hepburn Bill

    • Purpose: put teeth in the ICC (Interstate commerce commission enforce interstate commerce act)

    • Provisions:

      1. They couldn't set their own rates. ICC can control the rates

      2. No rebates or free passes

      3. Extends control to other parts of the transportation venue like bridges and tunnels

    • Meat Inspection Act: allowed gov. to inspect meats & other foods

    • Pure Food and Drug Act:   

      • Pprotected people from unsafe foods & medicines

    • Employers Liability Act:  No workman’s compensation so the employer is liable if someone gets injured on the job. 

    • Newlands Reclamation Act: 

      • They sold certain lands that were to be preserved and with the money they used it to irrigate the very arid lands out west and if you read in your chapter, who did he get into a big fight with because irrigation going over native american territory. Gets into fight with the Sierra Club or smth. What is preservation, what is conservation, and bla bla bal

      • Roosevelt wants to conserve resources so he makes mineral deposits and coal mines protected

    • Increased number of national forests

      • Reforest lands

      • Put the blue signs on national landmarks and stuff

      • Land with mineral ores put under gov control

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11

Taft

  • 16th Amendment: allowed congress to place income tax

    • Before: Supreme Court said it’s unconstitutional bc income tax taxed property (e.g. stocks & rented property), which makes it a direct tax

    • Constitution: direct taxes must be divided proportionally among states (state w/ 20% of pop. pays 20% of taxes)

    • the amendment allowed fed. gov. to tax income w/o having to divide proportionally among states

  • Income tax was graduated

    • those who made more money paid higher taxes than those who didn't

  • Federal Children's Bureau

    • Investigate and report on the welfare of children’

    • Infant death and maternal death

    • Well-being of children

    • Foster homes

  • Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act

    • Passed with the intention of lowering tariffs

    • According to Britannica: “lowered rates on 650 items, raised rates on 220, and made no change on 1,150”

    • Failed to decrease rates -> Taft lost support of progressives

  • The bathtub story:

    • He got stuck in a bathtub at some retreat house 

  • Roosevelt endorsed Taft

    • However, taft did not progressive stuff when roosevelt is off in safari

    • Roosevelt no likey stuff so runs against taft and they split the vote so wilson wins

  • Know nothing do nothing president because all he introduced was passed in other presidents

  • 16th/17th amendment is credited to wilson despite it being introduced during taft

  • Mann Elkins

    • Spread the ICC by extending its authority to the telephone/telegraph ( communication)

    • Increases people under civil service act

      • More People have to get better grades on civil service exam

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12

Wilson

  • Federal Reserve System - provisions: set up banking system

    1. Improve banking system

    2. 12 federal reserve banks w a part of deposits in smaller banks

    3. central banking system could control interest rates + monetary policies to control financial crises

    4. Clayton antitrust act - provisions of:

      • made it easier to break up big trusts into smaller companies

      • Clearly stated what big businesses could & couldn’t do

      • Made it easier for workers to join labor unions & strike

      • exempted unions from antitrust suits

      • limited injunctions in labor disputes

  • Federal trade commission- purpose: established FTC to prevent unfair practices

  • Federal Farm Loan Act - provided low-interest loans to farmers

  • Segregation

  • Against womens rights

    • Even though womens suffrager passed druign hsi admin

    • WWI, not the time to think about this

    • Women’s suffrage is realized during wilson’s lifetime as a result of what went on durig hsis administration specifically, although it was a long struggle

  • Income tax 

    • was introduced during tafts

    • passed during wilsons asdminsitration

  • Had the interests of the farmers in hand because he fought to reduce tariffs

    • You buy my products ill buy yours, more trading for foreign goods.?

  • Underwood Tariff

    • Reduce tariff rates to 26%

    • Institute-graduated income tax

  • Federal trade commission was established to keep an eye on crooked business deals and that was established

  • Beefed up sherman anti-trust act into clayton anti-trust act by adding teeth

    • Sherman anti-trust was constantly used against unions because it was restraining trade when unions went on strike despite that not being what it was designed to do

    • Clayton anti trust act eliminated that possiblity by exlcluding unions from anti-trust suits

  • Injunction- these were limted when people go to strikes

    • issued by the court and say you gotta go back to work 

    • If no, they throw them in jail!

  • It strengthened anti trust regulations how so

  • No purchasing company through stock

  • Adamson Act = 8 hour workday for railroads→ 40 hour workweek

  • Federal Farm Loan Act - provided low-interest loans to farmers

  • LaFollette Seamen’s Act improved working conditions on American merchant vessels

  • Keating-Owen Child Labor Act - prohibited the employment of children under age 14 in interstate commerce goods factories

  • Biggest thing!

    • The federal reserve

      • Board is picked by the president

      • The federal reserve banks set the interest rate that they loan the money out to the number of banks and control the tenor of the economy by lowering and raising interest rates

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13

Booker T Washington

  • African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality

  • Born into slavery

  • believed that racism would end once black people acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881

  • Wrote Up From Slavery

  • Wanted gradual change

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14

WEB Dubois

  • Civil rights activist

    • Leader of the Niagara Movement

      • Wanted equal rights for blacks

    • Believed voting rights is essential to end discrimination

    • Because the first African American to earn a doctorate (harvard)

  • Wanted immediate change

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15

Ida B. Wells

  • “She became skeptical about the reasons black men were lynched and set out to investigate several cases. She published her findings in a pamphlet and wrote several columns in local newspapers.”

  • American, Black woman 

  • one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

  • African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores

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16

Andrew Carnegie

  • Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist

  • Founded Carnegie Steel  Company (dominated steel industry)

  • Vertical integration

  • Wrote Gospel of Wealth,  which stated that the wealthy should use their money to help the public

    • He still used child labor and didn’t support unions. Not very “helping the public” of him.

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17

John Rockefeller

  • Had a monopoly on the oil industry -> horizontal integration and trusts

  • Creator of Standard Oil Company

  • horizontal integration

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18

Boss Tweed

  • William “Boss” Tweed

  • boss of Tammany Hall

    • political machine

    • corrupt

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19

Jane Addams

  • created Hull House (Made facilities to care for the downtrodden in Chicago (taught them English))

    • Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families

    • provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty

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20

Herbert Spencer

  • coined the phrase "survival for the fittest"

  • developed theory of social darwinism

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21

Sam Gompers

  • Founded American Federation of Labor

  • Separated skilled and unskilled laborers, grouped people based on their craft (Craft Union)

  • Legitimized Unions

    • Changed public view of them

  • Used negotiation tactics (collective bargaining)

    • Shop Steward: a person chosen by the workers of a particular shop to represent them in handling grievances

      • Usually picked someone articulate with a nat appearance

    • Mediation: mediator recommends a solution

    • Arbitration: arbiter decides final settlement

  • Started strike fund

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22

Susan B Anthony

  • Women’s rights activist

  • Founded American Woman’s Suffrage Association

  • co-founded NAWSA

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23

Helen Hunt Jackson

  • Author of A Century of Dishonor

    • Dramatized the mistreatment of natives

    • Described atrocities (ex. Sand Creek) and other injustice

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24

Frederick Jackson Turner

  • Created the “Frontier Thesis” that argued that the frontier shaped American experience

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25

John Brown

  • Was a minister and had 2 sons who died at Bleeding Kansas

  • Killed pro-slavers during Bleeding Kansas

  • Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)

    • Didn’t have enough people so he failed and got arrested

    • John Brown arrested for treason, put on trial, and hanged

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26

Rutherford B. Hayes

came into presidency → ended Reconstruction

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27

Homer Plessy

  • 1/8th African American

  • sat in a Whites-only car and was arrested, so he sued for segregation

    • Supreme Court case that stated that segregation is not illegal according to the Constitution. It said that as long as the separate parts were equal in manner it would be fine. (Plessy v. Ferguson)

    • “Separate but equal“

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