Carrie Chapman Catt
suffragette
president of the National Women's Suffrage Association
founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance
Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment
Alice Paul
suffrage
quaker
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
wrote Declaration of Sentiments
organized first woman suffrage convention (Seneca Falls)
Convinced people at women’s rights convention that suffrage was a priority
co-founded NAWSA
Ida Tarbell
father was partners with Rockefeller
She exposed Rockefeller’s corrupt practices in The History of Standard Oil
Jacob Riis
reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants livedÂ
Wrote How the Other Half Lives
Upton Sinclair
wrote the Jungle
about meat industry’s unsanitary practices
meat was mixed with other things (rats, feces, hair, etc.)
Judge Taney
in the Dred Scott case
ruled against Dred Scott → said that Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional
William Jennings Byran
advocated for farmers + working class
gained massive support of populist party after “Cross of Gold“ speech
Harriet Beecher Stowe
wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Teddy Roosevelt
Trust buster even though friends with JP Morgan
Big problem is that trusts control the country and that’s bad
In wilson’s administration they come up with the federal reserve board (put power in PA instead of wall street)
Set precedent of busting trusts and siding on the alliance with the workers or whoever had a beef against the trust
First threat to the security of the country happened when the coal miners threatened to go on strike. What was their beef?
Coal miners strike (1902)
Conditions:
Was super dangerous
Coal was energy source and heat
Management had the ball until they went on strike
Miners got coal miner's lung
bad posture
Worked in the dark and came home in the dark
Visual challenges
The pay was based on how many shovels you did. They made the shovels fatter.
Reactions of miners:
Form strong union
Management was firmly against the workers.
Reaction of mine owners:
Against workers
T.R.’s action: he threatened to call in the army unless they sat down and talked it out because they really needed coal.Â
Resolution: Northern Securities case
Type of company:
They controlled the railroads and these guys were trying to join a railroad to make one big railroad and get a monopoly on the northwest area of railroads. You couldn’t have one company there calling the shots or else they would charge whatever you want
Unfair practices:
monopoly
would be able to set the prices of the railroad to whatever they wanted
T.R.’s action:
Teddy sues the railroad and JP Morgan is sad but railroads are so important that Teddy is like sorry man y gotta do what ya gotta do. The coal moved the trains and the trains moved the coal. (this is when he gets the nickname Trust-Buster
Hepburn Bill
Purpose: put teeth in the ICC (Interstate commerce commission enforce interstate commerce act)
Provisions:
They couldn't set their own rates. ICC can control the rates
No rebates or free passes
Extends control to other parts of the transportation venue like bridges and tunnels
Meat Inspection Act: allowed gov. to inspect meats & other foods
Pure Food and Drug Act:Â Â Â
Pprotected people from unsafe foods & medicines
Employers Liability Act: No workman’s compensation so the employer is liable if someone gets injured on the job.Â
Newlands Reclamation Act:Â
They sold certain lands that were to be preserved and with the money they used it to irrigate the very arid lands out west and if you read in your chapter, who did he get into a big fight with because irrigation going over native american territory. Gets into fight with the Sierra Club or smth. What is preservation, what is conservation, and bla bla bal
Roosevelt wants to conserve resources so he makes mineral deposits and coal mines protected
Increased number of national forests
Reforest lands
Put the blue signs on national landmarks and stuff
Land with mineral ores put under gov control
Taft
16th Amendment: allowed congress to place income tax
Before: Supreme Court said it’s unconstitutional bc income tax taxed property (e.g. stocks & rented property), which makes it a direct tax
Constitution: direct taxes must be divided proportionally among states (state w/ 20% of pop. pays 20% of taxes)
the amendment allowed fed. gov. to tax income w/o having to divide proportionally among states
Income tax was graduated
those who made more money paid higher taxes than those who didn't
Federal Children's Bureau
Investigate and report on the welfare of children’
Infant death and maternal death
Well-being of children
Foster homes
Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act
Passed with the intention of lowering tariffs
According to Britannica: “lowered rates on 650 items, raised rates on 220, and made no change on 1,150”
Failed to decrease rates -> Taft lost support of progressives
The bathtub story:
He got stuck in a bathtub at some retreat houseÂ
Roosevelt endorsed Taft
However, taft did not progressive stuff when roosevelt is off in safari
Roosevelt no likey stuff so runs against taft and they split the vote so wilson wins
Know nothing do nothing president because all he introduced was passed in other presidents
16th/17th amendment is credited to wilson despite it being introduced during taft
Mann Elkins
Spread the ICC by extending its authority to the telephone/telegraph ( communication)
Increases people under civil service act
More People have to get better grades on civil service exam
Wilson
Federal Reserve System - provisions: set up banking system
Improve banking system
12 federal reserve banks w a part of deposits in smaller banks
central banking system could control interest rates + monetary policies to control financial crises
Clayton antitrust act - provisions of:
made it easier to break up big trusts into smaller companies
Clearly stated what big businesses could & couldn’t do
Made it easier for workers to join labor unions & strike
exempted unions from antitrust suits
limited injunctions in labor disputes
Federal trade commission- purpose: established FTC to prevent unfair practices
Federal Farm Loan Act - provided low-interest loans to farmers
Segregation
Against womens rights
Even though womens suffrager passed druign hsi admin
WWI, not the time to think about this
Women’s suffrage is realized during wilson’s lifetime as a result of what went on durig hsis administration specifically, although it was a long struggle
Income taxÂ
was introduced during tafts
passed during wilsons asdminsitration
Had the interests of the farmers in hand because he fought to reduce tariffs
You buy my products ill buy yours, more trading for foreign goods.?
Underwood Tariff
Reduce tariff rates to 26%
Institute-graduated income tax
Federal trade commission was established to keep an eye on crooked business deals and that was established
Beefed up sherman anti-trust act into clayton anti-trust act by adding teeth
Sherman anti-trust was constantly used against unions because it was restraining trade when unions went on strike despite that not being what it was designed to do
Clayton anti trust act eliminated that possiblity by exlcluding unions from anti-trust suits
Injunction- these were limted when people go to strikes
issued by the court and say you gotta go back to workÂ
If no, they throw them in jail!
It strengthened anti trust regulations how so
No purchasing company through stock
Adamson Act = 8 hour workday for railroads→ 40 hour workweek
Federal Farm Loan Act - provided low-interest loans to farmers
LaFollette Seamen’s Act improved working conditions on American merchant vessels
Keating-Owen Child Labor Act - prohibited the employment of children under age 14 in interstate commerce goods factories
Biggest thing!
The federal reserve
Board is picked by the president
The federal reserve banks set the interest rate that they loan the money out to the number of banks and control the tenor of the economy by lowering and raising interest rates
Booker T Washington
African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality
Born into slavery
believed that racism would end once black people acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881
Wrote Up From Slavery
Wanted gradual change
WEB Dubois
Civil rights activist
Leader of the Niagara Movement
Wanted equal rights for blacks
Believed voting rights is essential to end discrimination
Because the first African American to earn a doctorate (harvard)
Wanted immediate change
Ida B. Wells
“She became skeptical about the reasons black men were lynched and set out to investigate several cases. She published her findings in a pamphlet and wrote several columns in local newspapers.”
American, Black womanÂ
one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores
Andrew Carnegie
Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist
Founded Carnegie Steel Company (dominated steel industry)
Vertical integration
Wrote Gospel of Wealth, Â which stated that the wealthy should use their money to help the public
He still used child labor and didn’t support unions. Not very “helping the public” of him.
John Rockefeller
Had a monopoly on the oil industry -> horizontal integration and trusts
Creator of Standard Oil Company
horizontal integration
Boss Tweed
William “Boss” Tweed
boss of Tammany Hall
political machine
corrupt
Jane Addams
created Hull House (Made facilities to care for the downtrodden in Chicago (taught them English))
Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families
provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty
Herbert Spencer
coined the phrase "survival for the fittest"
developed theory of social darwinism
Sam Gompers
Founded American Federation of Labor
Separated skilled and unskilled laborers, grouped people based on their craft (Craft Union)
Legitimized Unions
Changed public view of them
Used negotiation tactics (collective bargaining)
Shop Steward: a person chosen by the workers of a particular shop to represent them in handling grievances
Usually picked someone articulate with a nat appearance
Mediation: mediator recommends a solution
Arbitration: arbiter decides final settlement
Started strike fund
Susan B Anthony
Women’s rights activist
Founded American Woman’s Suffrage Association
co-founded NAWSA
Helen Hunt Jackson
Author of A Century of Dishonor
Dramatized the mistreatment of natives
Described atrocities (ex. Sand Creek) and other injustice
Frederick Jackson Turner
Created the “Frontier Thesis” that argued that the frontier shaped American experience
John Brown
Was a minister and had 2 sons who died at Bleeding Kansas
Killed pro-slavers during Bleeding Kansas
Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)
Didn’t have enough people so he failed and got arrested
John Brown arrested for treason, put on trial, and hanged
Rutherford B. Hayes
came into presidency → ended Reconstruction
Homer Plessy
1/8th African American
sat in a Whites-only car and was arrested, so he sued for segregation
Supreme Court case that stated that segregation is not illegal according to the Constitution. It said that as long as the separate parts were equal in manner it would be fine. (Plessy v. Ferguson)
“Separate but equal“