Studied by 1 personabsolute monarchy
a system in which the monarch theoretically holds all the powers of the government without any legal restraints on their actions
Versailles
in the Kingdom of France, represented both the power of absolute monarchs and the large wealth they could put towards state building
The Enlightenment
an intellectual movement that transformed the cultural landscape; an attempt to understand the natural world and human relationships through the power of reason and logic
Salons
where highly educated private parties gathered to discus and debate the new philosophies; coffee houses were where less wealthy people exchanged ideas
natural rights
the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property
John Locke
17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.
Social Contract
the people of a country agree to grant a government great powers in exchange for protection of their natural rights; governments who did not follow this should be overthrown according to Locke
Baron de Montesquieu
propose the implementation of political principles which could prevent a government from becoming corrupt or tyrannical
Separation of Powers
government's powers would be divided into three branches
legislative branch
make laws
executive branch
enforce laws
judicial branch
interpret the laws and settles disputes over them
Deism
a monotheistic view of the world in which God created the world but does not intervene in his creation
Great Awakenings
series of movements where Protestant Christianity shifted lowards a focus on individual repentence and rebirth, with less interest placed on the cooperation between church and state
religious disestablishment
states abolished their connection to an official, state--funded church
abolitionism
a movement in favor of abolishing slavery
Quakers
a radical denomination of Protestantism, advocated forcefully that enslaving human beings was morally wrong
Slavery Abolition Act
1833 abolition act passed in Great Britain where the government used compensated emancipation
compensated emancipation
paying vast sums of money to forcibly purchase all slaves in the empire from their masters, setting them free
American Civil War
war between the the Northern US and the Southern US due to tensions over slavery resulting in forced emancipation
feminism
the idea that traditional patriarchal structures of society should be replaced by equality of men and women
Mary Wollstonecraft
notable early feminist in Great Britain who pushed for greater female access to education
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
written by Mary Wollstonecraft; applied Enlightenment principles to argue for expanded rights for women
Olympe de Gouges
a French feminist; her ideas frightened the French Revolutionary government and it sentenced her to death
Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen
written by Olympe de Gouges; responded to the revolutionary emphasis on the equality of all men by insisting that Enlightenment principles of Natural Rights also applied to females
Seneca Falls Convention
a peaceful gathering for suffrage during 1848 in the US
Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
organized the Seneca Falls Convention
nationalism
the belief that people-groups rightly belong to a nation-state
nation-state
government possessing the right and responsibility to unite all people of its nation under its direct rule; created based on arbitrary principles that the people have in common
stateless nation
people groups without a nation-state; they did not have a military force over a specific area and did not have set borders
Causes of Political Revolutions
nationalism, enlightenment, socioeconomic inequality, imperialism
Seven Years' War
a conflict between France and Great Britain over control of North America, ended in Britain winning but being greatly in debt
American Revolution
the Americans seeking independence from Great Britain after the large amount of taxes that were being imposed on them due to Britain's large debt from the Seven Years' War
United States of America
the independent country that resulted for the American Revolution
American Declaration of Independence
Thomas Jefferson wrote it that used Enlightenment language and ideas to establish the region why the broke off from Great Britain and how they would run their new country
Federal Republic
a system of governance using the ideals of federalism adopted by the US and the Constitution
Federalism
a system in which multiple sovereign states come together to form one federal government, ceding certain powers to the federal government whilst retaining others for themselves
presidential system
a government system which uses a powerful single executive, elected separately from the legislature
Simon Bolívar
a revolutionary in northern South America; known as "the Liberator" for his role in winning independence from Spain
"Letter from Jamaica"
written by Simon Bolivar, outlined Latin America's reasons for seeking independence
José de San Martín
a revolutionary in southern South America brought about the liberation of all of Spanish South America
Gran Colombia
the unity of all of northern South America under one state; could not agree on whether to adopt federalism or not (Centralists vs Federalists)
unitary state
a state with a centralized government
Brazilian independence
a rival branch of the Portuguese royal family initially declared a separate Brazilian Empire from Portugal, but was ultimately deposed in favor of a republic in 1889
Brazilian Empire
what the rivals to Portugal wanted but failed to create
Characteristics of Independent Latin America
republics with presidential systems, abolition of slavery, conflict between Creoles and people of Native or African descent
Toussaint L'Ouverture
a former French General who was born a slave who lead rebellions in Haiti
Haitian Revolution
Haiti established an independent republic which horrified slaveholders
Lola Rodríguez de Tió
feminist and nationalist writer in Puerto Rico who advocated for independence from Spain
Bourgeoisie
a group which included merchants, business people, and well-to-do city dwellers
Reasons for the French Revolution
resentment by the Bourgeoisie of the Social and economic privileges of the nobility and clergy, an economic crisis brought on by war debts from the colonial wars, inspiration from Enlightenment ideals
"Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen"
issued by the french revolutionaries to present the ideals of the Enlightenment and how they wanted to reform the government into a constitutional monarchy
Napoleonic Wars
a series of conflicts where the French attempted to forcibly dismantle the structures which had organised Europe; Napoleon was finally defeated when all of the surrounding powers of Europe fought him at once from all sides
Congress of Vienna
European monarchs attempted to undo the Revolution by restoring a monarchy in France and adopting rigorously conservative measures to prevent further political changes
German Empire
created after a series of wars following Prussian victory, but was not successful in containing only Germans and all of the German in the area
Kingdom of Prussia
a medium-sized state with an elite military
Austro-
Hungarian Empire
a large but militarily weal empire
Alsace-Lorraine
a part of Germany where the majority of the people spoke French
Italy
followed a series of wars where Sardinia-Piedmont brought majority Italian speakers under the rule of one nation-state
Balkan nationalism
war divided these nations
Ottomanism
attempted to prevent its fragmentation into nation states; pan-national identity in which the millet system would be succeeded by equality among its constituent nations; this was largely unsuccessful
Propaganda Movements
instigated by exiled Filipino revolutionaries championing the case of Filipino resistance to Spanish rule through extensive writings targeted at popular audiences
Maori
the native people of the islands of New Zealand
New Zealand Wars
Maori attempted to win independence from the British but were defeated, these wars cost the British a lot, so the British violently repressed the Maori people
First Industrial Revolution
an economic revolution surrounding the production of finished goods
Economic Changes
a shift away from the putting-out system to the factory system, a shift from production by hand to machine, the replacement of wood and animal power to steam and water power
putting-out system
people produced goods from the home
Second Industrial Revolution
saw industrialization spread beyond western Europe and the US
"the West"
western Europe and the US
Environmental Causes of the Industrial Revolution
political control of regions rich in deposits of iron, political control of regions rich in coal, increased agricultural productivity, fast flowing rivers
Agricultural Revolution
new farming techniques used for sustainable farming
Environmental Consequences of the Industrial Revolution
destruction of ecosystems, uncontrolled pollution, gradual warming of the global climate
deforestation
mass cutting of trees
strip-mining
mining which destroys hills and/or mountains
Fossil Fuels Revolution
shift away from burning wood to burning coal to increase efficiency
steam engines
humans boil water by burning coal to move machine parts; decreased importance of human physical strength
factory system
use of machines instead of being human labor and skill intensive
specialized labor
working machines in factories
wages
payments for hourly work
Chicago and Manchester
new factory cities in the US and Great Britain
stock markets
businesses could receive investments from private citizens who would hold a share or "stock" in the company's profits
limited-liability corporations
a type of government-chartered company which allows investors to hold shares without risking the loss of their property should the company fail
railroad
machine-driven system of transporting goods in bulk overland, connected the interior of continents to teh coastline and enhanced the movement of people
steamships
faster transit over water, lowering the cost of international exchange, and facilitating the mass immigration of Europeans to the Americas
telegraph
enabled the sending of messages long distance instantaneously through wires enhancing both public and private communication and increasing the reach of the state
Bessemer Process
for making cheap, affordable steel
electricity
a powerful form of energy newly harnessed by humans and transmitted by wires
internal combustion engine
enabled the creation of motorized vehicles
petroleum (oil)
a fossil fuel burned to power combustion engines, lighting, and heating systems
Meiji Restoration
the Meiji emperor modernized the Japanese military along European models, installing a western-style constitution with a parliament and prime minister governing on behalf of the emperor; this was forced on Japan by the US forcing them to open their ports and Japan realizing that they had fallen behind
"Goodbye Asia"
written by Fukuzawa Yuichi to justify Japan's need to become western
Muhammad Ali
led Egypt as a de facto independent area while still in the Ottoman Empire
capitulations
economic practices that exempted European traders from duties and legal barriers preventing Ottoman merchants from competing equally with Europeans
White Lotus Rebellion
a rebellion that the emperor was unable to put down fro ten years and revealed China's weakness to the Western powers
Opium Wars
20,000 British soldiers defeated the 220,000 strong Qing army with ease
unequal treaties
agreements made benefiting the western powers more than the Chinese; ceded port cities in China over the western powers and granted extraterritoriality to westerners
Hong Kong
major port city in China
extraterritoriality
exempted westerners from Chinese laws
Boxer Rebellion
proved that the Chinese had e=become a kind of shared vassal state of the European powers
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