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Anatomy
study of body structure
Physiology
is the study of body part function
homeostasis
The maintenance of a stable internal environment by the body is
Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organism
Organization
lateral
The ears are located __________ to the nose
anterior/ventral ; posterior/dorsal
_____________ means towards the front of the body, and _______________ means towards back of the body
distal; proximal
The fingers are ____________ to the elbow and the shoulder is _______________ to the elbow.
medial; lateral
medial; lateral
lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland
Which organs are located in the thoracic cavity?
stomach, liver, gallbladder, intestines, kidneys, ovaries, rectum, bladder
Which organs are located in the abdominopelvic cavity?
diaphragm
Which structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
cuboidal, columnar, squamous
What the three basic shapes of epithelial cells (describe the s
one
Simple epithelial tissues have _______________ layer(s) of cells.
multiple
Stratified epithelial tissues have ___________________ layer(s) of cells.
one (appears to be many)
How many layers of cells do pseudostratified epithelial tissues have?
lining the esophagus; epidermis of the skin; mainly functions to protect
Where can you find stratified squamous epithelium and what is its function?
falsely layered tissue found in the nasal cavity, resp. tract, and intestinal tract, main function is to move fluid
What is pseudostratified columnar epithelium, where is it located in the body, and what is its function?
What is transitional epithelium, where is it located in the body, and what is its function?
Found in the urinary bladder; Design provides stretching and keeps urine from diffusing back into the internal cavity
What are the types of connective tissue?
cartilage
adipose
bone
blood
Which type of connective tissue is specialized to store fat?
adipose
What are the three types of muscles tissue?
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Which type(s) of muscle tissue is voluntary? Involuntary?
Voluntary: skeletal Involuntary: cardiac, smooth
What are the functions of the skin?
protection, regulation, sensation, secretion
If we say that an animal or person is a albino, what do we mean and what causes the condition?
person lacking melanocytes; genectics
What is the upper layer of the skin called?
epidermis
Epidermis vs. Dermis
epidermis is above the dermis; dermis contains all the accessory organs, as well as blood vessels
How does the skin constantly renew itself?
Cells are pushed outward as new cells are formed and become keratinized as they die
Why is the uppermost layer of the skin dead?
The old skin cells die as they are keratinized and new cells replace them.
What system helps defend the body against infection and returns leaked fluid to the blood stream
Lymphatic system
The external covering of the body that protects the underlying tissues from injury?
integumentary system
Breaks down food into nutrients that the body can absorb and use.
digestive system
Works to obtain oxygen from the atmosphere and removes carbon dioxide from the body.
Respiratory system
Flushes nitrogen waste from the body in the urine.
Urinary system
Contract to provide movement (walking, blinking, chewing)
Muscular system
The glands of this system secrete hormones; the body's slow
acting control center.
Produces offspring.
Reproductive system
The body's fast
acting control center; sends messages that controls muscles and glands
Transports oxygen, nutrients, and hormones throughout the body in the blood stream.
Circulatory system
Consists of the stomach, intestines, and liver.
Digestive system
Consists of brain and spinal chord.
Nervous system
Consists of heart and blood vessels
Circulatory system
Consists of trachea and lungs
Respiratory system
Consists of lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils
Lymphatic system
Consists of skin, hair, and nails
Integumentary system
Consists of kidneys, ureters, and bladder
Urinary system
Consists of thyroid gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, and adrenal glands
Endocrine system
Consists of bones, cartilage, and joints
Skeletal system
Sagittal plane
divides body into left and right
Frontal plane
Divides the body into front and back portions.
front=anterior
divides the body into top and bottom parts
Transverse plane
a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus
a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus
suppress
positive feedback
Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output.
Bladder tissue
transitional epithelium
Tendon and Ligament tissue
Dense connective
3 Fibers in Connective Tissue
Collagen,Reticular,Elastic
avascular tissue
cartilage ; NOT supplied by blood vessels
Sebum
oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands
How does the skin regulate body temperature?
Blood vessels in the skin release or hold in heat, depending upon what the body needs at the time;sweat
Serous membrane
thin layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities and secretes a fluid that keeps the membrane moist
Sweat gland
The glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin.
erector pili muscle
muscles that cause hair to stand up when it contracts;produce heat
sebaceous glands
oil glands in the skin
melanin
A pigment that gives the skin its color
keratin
A fiber protein that is the principal component of hair, skin, and nails
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
The remodeling of bone
most joints
synovial
Flexion
Decreases the angle of a joint
pronation
turning the palm downward
Protraction
Moving a part forward
Circumduction
circular movement of a limb at the far end
Retraction
moving a part backward
inversion
Turning the sole of the foot inward
Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body
Adduction
Movement toward the midline of the body
supination
movement that turns the palm up
Aponeurosis
strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles to bone;substitute tendon
Normal state of balanced muscle tension
muscle tone
muscle hypertrophy
muscle enlargement from overuse
muscular atrophy
muscles become small and weak due to disuse
origin
attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction
Insertion
attachment to movable bone
muscle organization
myofilaments(myosin and actin) → myofibril → muscle fiber (cell) → fascicle → muscle cells
deltoid
shoulder
acromial
point of the shoulder
antebrachial
forearm
antecubital
space in front of the elbow
axillary
armpit
brachial
upper arm
buccal
cheek
abdominal
abdomen
cranial
skull
carpal
wrist
cervical
neck
coxal
Outer hip
crural
shin (front)
digital
finger or toe
dorsal (Posterior)
back
femoral
thigh
fibular
entire lower leg
gluteal
buttocks
Note
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