Human A&P Semester Exam

Anatomy

study of body structure

Physiology

is the study of body part function

homeostasis

The maintenance of a stable internal environment by the body is

Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organism

Organization

lateral

The ears are located __________ to the nose

anterior/ventral ; posterior/dorsal

_____________ means towards the front of the body, and _______________ means towards back of the body

distal; proximal

The fingers are ____________ to the elbow and the shoulder is _______________ to the elbow.

medial; lateral

medial; lateral

lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland

Which organs are located in the thoracic cavity?

stomach, liver, gallbladder, intestines, kidneys, ovaries, rectum, bladder

Which organs are located in the abdominopelvic cavity?

diaphragm

Which structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

cuboidal, columnar, squamous

What the three basic shapes of epithelial cells (describe the s

one

Simple epithelial tissues have _______________ layer(s) of cells.

multiple

Stratified epithelial tissues have ___________________ layer(s) of cells.

one (appears to be many)

How many layers of cells do pseudostratified epithelial tissues have?

lining the esophagus; epidermis of the skin; mainly functions to protect

Where can you find stratified squamous epithelium and what is its function?

falsely layered tissue found in the nasal cavity, resp. tract, and intestinal tract, main function is to move fluid

What is pseudostratified columnar epithelium, where is it located in the body, and what is its function?

What is transitional epithelium, where is it located in the body, and what is its function?

Found in the urinary bladder; Design provides stretching and keeps urine from diffusing back into the internal cavity

What are the types of connective tissue?

cartilage

adipose

bone

blood

Which type of connective tissue is specialized to store fat?

adipose

What are the three types of muscles tissue?

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Which type(s) of muscle tissue is voluntary? Involuntary?

Voluntary: skeletal Involuntary: cardiac, smooth

What are the functions of the skin?

protection, regulation, sensation, secretion

If we say that an animal or person is a albino, what do we mean and what causes the condition?

person lacking melanocytes; genectics

What is the upper layer of the skin called?

epidermis

Epidermis vs. Dermis

epidermis is above the dermis; dermis contains all the accessory organs, as well as blood vessels

How does the skin constantly renew itself?

Cells are pushed outward as new cells are formed and become keratinized as they die

Why is the uppermost layer of the skin dead?

The old skin cells die as they are keratinized and new cells replace them.

What system helps defend the body against infection and returns leaked fluid to the blood stream

Lymphatic system

The external covering of the body that protects the underlying tissues from injury?

integumentary system

Breaks down food into nutrients that the body can absorb and use.

digestive system

Works to obtain oxygen from the atmosphere and removes carbon dioxide from the body.

Respiratory system

Flushes nitrogen waste from the body in the urine.

Urinary system

Contract to provide movement (walking, blinking, chewing)

Muscular system

The glands of this system secrete hormones; the body's slow

acting control center.

Produces offspring.

Reproductive system

The body's fast

acting control center; sends messages that controls muscles and glands

Transports oxygen, nutrients, and hormones throughout the body in the blood stream.

Circulatory system

Consists of the stomach, intestines, and liver.

Digestive system

Consists of brain and spinal chord.

Nervous system

Consists of heart and blood vessels

Circulatory system

Consists of trachea and lungs

Respiratory system

Consists of lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils

Lymphatic system

Consists of skin, hair, and nails

Integumentary system

Consists of kidneys, ureters, and bladder

Urinary system

Consists of thyroid gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, and adrenal glands

Endocrine system

Consists of bones, cartilage, and joints

Skeletal system

Sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

Frontal plane

Divides the body into front and back portions.

front=anterior

divides the body into top and bottom parts

Transverse plane

a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus

a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus

suppress

positive feedback

Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output.

Bladder tissue

transitional epithelium

Tendon and Ligament tissue

Dense connective

3 Fibers in Connective Tissue

Collagen,Reticular,Elastic

avascular tissue

cartilage ; NOT supplied by blood vessels

Sebum

oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands

How does the skin regulate body temperature?

Blood vessels in the skin release or hold in heat, depending upon what the body needs at the time;sweat

Serous membrane

thin layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities and secretes a fluid that keeps the membrane moist

Sweat gland

The glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin.

erector pili muscle

muscles that cause hair to stand up when it contracts;produce heat

sebaceous glands

oil glands in the skin

melanin

A pigment that gives the skin its color

keratin

A fiber protein that is the principal component of hair, skin, and nails

osteoblasts and osteoclasts

The remodeling of bone

most joints

synovial

Flexion

Decreases the angle of a joint

pronation

turning the palm downward

Protraction

Moving a part forward

Circumduction

circular movement of a limb at the far end

Retraction

moving a part backward

inversion

Turning the sole of the foot inward

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

supination

movement that turns the palm up

Aponeurosis

strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles to bone;substitute tendon

Normal state of balanced muscle tension

muscle tone

muscle hypertrophy

muscle enlargement from overuse

muscular atrophy

muscles become small and weak due to disuse

origin

attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction

Insertion

attachment to movable bone

muscle organization

myofilaments(myosin and actin) → myofibril → muscle fiber (cell) → fascicle → muscle cells

deltoid

shoulder

acromial

point of the shoulder

antebrachial

forearm

antecubital

space in front of the elbow

axillary

armpit

brachial

upper arm

buccal

cheek

abdominal

abdomen

cranial

skull

carpal

wrist

cervical

neck

coxal

Outer hip

crural

shin (front)

digital

finger or toe

dorsal (Posterior)

back

femoral

thigh

fibular

entire lower leg

gluteal

buttocks