General Anatomy Lecture

Anatomy is derived from what Greek words? Give its definition

Ana means a part; tome means cutting

What is the study of shapes and structures of the human body with emphasis on the relationships of different parts?

Human Anatomy

Study on the parts of the body seen by the naked eye

Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy

Study of the minute structures that can only be seen with the aid of lenses

Microscopic anatomy/Histology

Studies the structural changes of an individual from fertilization to maturity

Developmental anataomy

Study of the nervous system

Neuroanatomy

Study of the relationships of all structures found in a particular region of the body

Regional/Topographical Anatomy

What are the different regions of the body?

Head region; neck region; trunk/torso; upper extremity; lower extremity

Study of the parts of the body with the same structure and related functions

Systemic Anatomy

Delineating on the external surface of the body, the relative position of the organs and structures found inside the body

Surface anatomy

Includes the use of plain x-ray, as well x-rays taken through the introduction of various dyes into the blood stream or digested

Radiographic anatomy

Structures that are less dense and permit the x-ray beam to pass through them

Radiolucent

Structures that are dense and resist the passage of x-rays

Radiopaque

A radiographic contrast agent that is used to help diagnose or find problems in the esophagus, stomach, and bowels

Barium liquid

Application of anatomical knowledge to diagnosis and treatment

Applied anatomy

What are the materials used in studying anatomy?

Books, charts, drawing, atlases, human models/cadavers, living body

Describe anatomic position

Body is standing erect

Facing the observer

Face and eyes are directed forward

Arms hanging at side

Palms are facing forward with thumb pointing laterally

Heels are together and feet flat on the floor

Vertical plane that divides the body into right and left equal sides

Median/Sagittal plane

Vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior halves

Frontal/Coronal plane

Horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior halves

Transverse plane

Proximal

Nearer the point of origin

Distal

Farther from the point of origin

Internal

Closer to the central axis

External

Farther from the central axis

Superficial

Near the surface

Deep

Away from the surface

Somatic/Parietal

Walls of a cavity

Visceral

Organs within a cavity

What are the cavities in the ventral cavity?

Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavity

Houses the lungs

Pleural cavity

Houses the heart

Pericardial cavity

Houses the digestive system

Abdominal cavity

Houses the reproductive system

Pelvic cavity

What are the cavities dorsally?

Cranial and spinal cavity

Houses the brain

Cranial cavity

Houses the spinal cord

Spinal cavity

What are the other cavities found in the body?

Oral, nasal, orbital cavity

Fundamental unit of all living things

Cell

Collection of cells that have similar functions

Tissue

It covers the surface of the body and lines the various cavities, ducts, and vessels

Epithelial tissue

Derived from the mesoderm and functions for support, attachment of other tissues, and has a specialized function

Connective tissue

It is composed of specialized cells that are capable of contraction

Muscular tissue

Three types of muscular tissue, then differentiate

Skeletal - moves the skeleton

Cardiac - propel blood

Smooth - aid in digestion

Forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves that transmit messages throughout the body

Nervous tissue

Group of fundamental tissues bound together to perform a given function

Organ

Group of organs that are similar in origin and structure that have interconnected functions

Organ System

Two components of the integumentary system

Cutaneous membrane

Accessory structures

Largest organ in the body that covers the entire external surface

Cutaneous membrane

What are the other parts of the body that is covered with skin?

External auditory meatus

Lateral aspect of the tympanic membrane

Vestibule of the nose

Skin is continuous with the mucosa of the orifices of

Alimentary tract

Respiratory tract

Urogenital tract

Skin receptor that is for touch sensation

Meissner

Skin receptor that is for pressure

Pacinian corpuscle

Skin receptor that is for heat or warmth sensation

Ruffinis

Skin receptor that is for cold sensation

Krauss end bulb

Skin receptor that is for pain and found in a tooth pulp

Free nerve ending

Layers of the skin

Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis

Consists mainly of continuously self-replicating stratified keratinized squamous epithelium

Epidermis

What is the principal cell found in epidermis?

Keratinocytes

State the layers of epidermis from superficial to deep

Stratum corneum - stratum lucidum - stratum granulosum - stratum spinosum - stratum basale

Stratum germinativum is the lowermost layer. Keratohyaline granules are found in the stratum germinativum.

The first statement is true; the second statement is false.

Separates the epidermis from the loose connective tissue of the adjacent dermis

Basement membrane

Cytoplasmic extensions found in the stratum spinosum that bound cells together

Stratum spinosum

Clear layer that is only found in thickened skin

Stratum lucidum

Fibrous protein that is extremely strong, light, flexible, durable, and water resistant

Keratin

Thick skins are found in what part of the body

Palms of the hands; soles of the feet

Skin color is caused by the interaction between

Pigment composition and concentration and dermal blood supply

An orange-yellow pigment that accumulates inside epidermal cells

Carotene

Brown, yellow-brown, or black pigment that is produced by melanocytes and is used to prevent skin damage by absorbing UV radiation

Melanin

Other term for corium

Dermis

Makes up approximately 90% of the thickness that is responsible for the tensile strength

Dermis

Thin arrangement of collagen fibers that supply nutrients to selected layers of epidermis

Papillary layer

Nipple-like extensions that extends towards the epidermis

Dermal Papillae

Thick collagen of fibers that are arranged in parallel to the surface

Reticular layer

Reticular layer is made of thick collagen fibers that are arranged in parallel to the surface; it is the layer that supply nutrients to the selected layers of epidermis.

First statement is true; second statement is false.

Provides support and attachment for the dermis and allows flexibility and independent movement

Hypodermis

Part of the hair that projects above the skin surface

Shaft

Covers the root of hair and is composed of cell layers that are found in epidermis

Hair follicle

If the hair follicle is curly, then shaft is straight. If hair follicle is straight, then shaft is curly.

True

Part of the hair that contains pigments

Inner cortex

Discharge waxy secretions into the hair follicle that is found all throughout the body except palms and soles

Sebaceous glands

Other term for earwax

Cerumen

Differentiate the two sweat glands

Apocrine gland - discharge a sticky, cloud secretion that is located among armpits, nipples, and genital areas

Merocrine/Eccrine gland - leads directly to the superficial layer of epidermis found on the entire surface

Modified sweat glands that produces milk

Mammary glands

Thick first milk that breasts produce during and awhile after birth

Colostrum

Germinal matrix is the nail root; sterile matrix is the nail bed

Both statements are correct

Color of the nail bed = color of nail plate

True

The cuticle of the nail that provides waterproof barrier

Eponychium

Skin that overlies the nail plate on its sides and is the site of hangnails, ingrown nails, and an infection called paronychia

Perionychium

Junction between the free edge of the nail and the skin of the fingertip that provides waterproof barrier

Hyponychium

Important in determining the extent of damage in cases of burns

Rule of Nine

Give the different percentages for the rule of nine

Head and neck 9%

Anterior trunk 18%

Posterior trunk 18%

Upper extremity 18%

Lower extremity 36%

Perineum 1%

What is the percentage if the burn includes one arm then one leg?

27%

What is the percentage if the burn includes the whole lower extremity and the perineum?

37%

What is the percentage if the burn includes the head and neck + half of the anterior trunk?

18%

What is the percentage if the burn includes the whole posterior trunk, perineum, and the lower extremity?

55%

Comprises 2/3 of the bone composition and gives it hardness and rigidity

Bone minerals

Blood cell production occurs in what part of the bone?

Red bone marrow in the spongy bone

What is the function of yellow bone marrow?

Storage of fat

Other term for spongy bone

Trabecular or cancellous bone

The ivory surface of mature bones that forms the bone structure just beneath the periosteum

Compact/dense bones