Nursing Review Flashcards: HIV, Renal & Urinary, STD/STI, Reproductive & Musculoskeletal Topics

Vocabulary flashcards covering HIV, renal/urinary, STD/STI, reproductive, and musculoskeletal nursing topics from the provided lecture notes.

HIV

Human Immunodeficiency Virus; retrovirus that attacks CD4+ T cells, leading to progressive immune system failure.

Transmission

Spread via blood (needles, needle sticks), semen/pre-seminal fluid, vaginal fluids, rectal fluids, and breast milk; casual contact does not transmit HIV.

Acute HIV Infection

2–4 weeks post-exposure with flu-like symptoms; high viral load and high contagion; often undiagnosed.

Clinical Latency

Asymptomatic HIV infection that can last 8–10 years without treatment; virus active at low levels and can still be transmitted.

AIDS

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; defined by CD4 count <200 cells/mm³ or an AIDS-defining opportunistic infection.

CD4 Cell Count

Number of CD4+ T-lymphocytes in blood; primary immune health indicator; normal range 500–1500 cells/mm³.

Normal CD4 Range

Approximately 500–1500 cells/mm³ in healthy adults.

AIDS-Defining Infections (ADOI)

Opportunistic infections/cancers (e.g., PCP, toxoplasmosis, CMV retinitis, cryptococcosis, MAC) that define AIDS when they occur.

Viral Load

Amount of HIV RNA in blood; indicates replication rate; goal of ART is an undetectable load.

Undetectable Viral Load

Viral load below the assay’s limit; associated with non-transmissibility and reduced disease progression.

ART

Antiretroviral Therapy; combination antiretrovirals used to suppress HIV replication and prevent progression.

MTCT (Mother-to-Child Transmission)

HIV transmission from mother to baby in utero, during birth, or via breastfeeding; reduced with ART, intrapartum AZT, and infant prophylaxis.

Pre-Pregnancy Counseling

Counseling for HIV-positive or serodiscordant couples before conception; emphasizes achieving undetectable viral load and ART adherence.

PrEP

Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis; daily medication for HIV-negative individuals at high risk to prevent infection.

PEP

Post-Exposure Prophylaxis; ART started after potential HIV exposure to prevent infection (within 72 hours).

AZT (Zidovudine)

NRTI used for intrapartum prophylaxis to reduce MTCT in HIV-positive pregnancies.

Intrapartum Prophylaxis

AZT during labor/delivery to reduce mother-to-child HIV transmission.

Cesarean Section (for MTCT)

Delivery by C-section recommended when maternal viral load is detectable to reduce MTCT risk.

Postnatal Prophylaxis (Infant)

Infant ART (often AZT) for 4–6 weeks after birth to prevent HIV infection in newborns.

Testing Window

Period after exposure when HIV tests can reliably detect infection; varies by test type.

Antibody Test

Detects HIV antibodies in blood or oral fluid; rapid tests commonly antibody tests; window 3–12 weeks.

Antigen/Antibody Test

Detects HIV antibodies plus p24 antigen; detects infection earlier than antibody tests.

NAT/PCR Test

Nucleic Acid Test (PCR) that detects HIV RNA; earliest detection but more costly; not for routine screening.

Window Period Timeframes

Antibody tests: ~3–12 weeks; Antigen/Antibody tests: ~2–6 weeks; NAT: ~7–10 days after exposure.

Confidentiality (HIV Testing)

HIV test results must be kept confidential between patient and provider.

Informed Consent (Testing)

Process explaining the test, results interpretation, and implications of results.

Risk Reduction Counseling

Education on behaviors to minimize HIV transmission regardless of test results.

Linkage to Care

Arranging immediate access to HIV medical care after a positive result.

MTCT Prevention Strategies

ART during pregnancy, intrapartum AZT, possible cesarean, infant prophylaxis, and avoiding breastfeeding where feasible.

HIV-Related Cancers

Increased risk for Kaposi’s sarcoma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and invasive cervical cancer.

HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND)

Cognitive impairment related to HIV infection.

Wasting Syndrome (HIV)

Unintentional weight loss >10% with chronic diarrhea, weakness, or fever.

Opportunistic Infections (HIV)

Infections more common with severe immune suppression (e.g., PCP, toxoplasmosis, CMV, MAC, cryptococcosis).

Syndromic HIV Complications (Vaccinations)**

Ensure up-to-date vaccines (e.g., influenza, pneumonia, hepatitis B) in HIV patients.

Serodiscordant Couple

One partner is HIV-positive and the other is HIV-negative.

Renal and Urinary System

Organ system dealing with kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, and associated structures.

Serum Creatinine

Waste product from muscle; kidney function indicator; normal approximately 0.6–1.2 mg/dL.

BUN

Blood Urea Nitrogen; nitrogenous waste in blood; normal roughly 10–20 mg/dL.

GFR

Glomerular Filtration Rate; best overall measure of kidney function; normal ≥90 mL/min/1.73m².

Creatinine Clearance

24‑hour urine creatinine to estimate GFR; often more accurate than creatinine alone.

Urinalysis (UA)

Urine exam evaluating appearance, chemical constituents, and microscopic elements.

Proteinuria

Protein in urine; sign of kidney damage or disease.

Hematuria

Blood in urine; may indicate kidney or urinary tract pathology.

Pyuria

White blood cells in urine; indicates infection or inflammation.

CVA Tenderness

Costovertebral angle tenderness; sign of kidney infection (pyelonephritis).

Midstream Clean Catch

Urine collection method minimizing contamination from skin/genitalia.

Post-Void Residual (PVR)

Volume of urine remaining in the bladder after voiding; ≥100–150 mL often considered significant.

24‑Hour Urine Collection

Collect all urine for 24 hours to measure excreted substances; start by emptying bladder and discarding first void.

Cystoscopy

Endoscopic visualization of bladder and urethra; diagnostic/therapeutic use.

UTI Symptoms

Dysuria, frequency, urgency, suprapubic pain, hematuria, cloudy/foul urine; elderly may present atypically.

Pyelonephritis

Kidney infection; presents with fever, chills, flank pain, nausea/vomiting; systemic symptoms common.

Glomerulonephritis

Inflammation of glomeruli; edema, hypertension, hematuria, proteinuria, possible oliguria.

Nephrotic Syndrome

Heavy proteinuria (>3.5 g/24h), hypoalbuminemia, edema, hyperlipidemia; risk of infection and thrombosis.

Nephrolithiasis

Kidney stones; sudden severe flank pain, hematuria, nausea/vomiting; hydration and stone-type specific prevention.

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

Noncancerous enlargement of the prostate causing lower urinary tract symptoms.

Urinary Retention

Inability to voluntarily void; can be acute emergency in BPH.

TURP

Transurethral Resection of the Prostate; common surgical treatment for BPH.

Cast Complications

Compartment syndrome, pressure ulcers, nerve damage, infection, vascular insufficiency, disuse atrophy related to casting.

Hip Fracture

Fracture of the proximal femur; severe hip pain, inability to bear weight, leg often shortened and externally rotated.

Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA)

Surgical replacement of the hip joint; post-op precautions to prevent dislocation.

Total Knee Replacement (TKR)

Surgical replacement of the knee joint; post-op rehab and ROM emphasis.

Amputation

Removal of a limb; post‑op care includes phantom limb pain management and stump care.

Phantom Limb Pain

Pain perceived in an absent limb after amputation; managed with meds and therapies like mirror therapy.

Osteomyelitis

Severe bone infection; acute or chronic; requires long-term antibiotics and possible surgery.

Osteoporosis

Chronic bone disease with reduced bone mass and strength; increased fracture risk; prevent with calcium/Vitamin D, weight-bearing exercise, and meds (bisphosphonates, calcitonin, etc.).

Degenerative Disc Disease (DDD)

Age-related wear of spinal discs; causes chronic back pain with possible radiculopathy.

Cauda Equina Syndrome

Emergency compression of spinal nerve roots; severe back pain, saddle anesthesia, bowel/bladder dysfunction, and leg weakness.

Osteoarthritis (OA)

Degenerative joint disease due to cartilage breakdown; usually asymmetrical and weight-bearing joints are affected; morning stiffness <30 minutes.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

Chronic systemic autoimmune arthritis; symmetrical joint involvement; positive RF/CCP; inflammatory symptoms.

Gout

Inflammatory arthritis from uric acid crystal deposition; podagra common; managed with lifestyle changes and urate-lowering meds.

Lyme Disease

Tick-borne bacterial infection; prevention includes tick checks, protective clothing, repellents.

Ankylosing Spondylitis

Chronic inflammatory spine disease leading to stiffness and potential fusion; management with NSAIDs and physical therapy.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

Chronic autoimmune disease with variable organ involvement; positive ANA and anti-dsDNA; management includes immunosuppressants.

Systemic Sclerosis/Scleroderma

Chronic connective tissue disease with skin tightening and possible organ involvement; Raynaud’s phenomenon common.

Fibromyalgia

Chronic widespread pain syndrome with fatigue, sleep disturbance, and cognitive/somatic symptoms; multidisciplinary management.

Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease (SEID/CFS)

Chronic fatigue syndrome with exertion-related PEM, sleep disturbance, and cognitive impairment; pacing is key.

Nitroglycerin and ED Meds Contraindication

Nitroglycerin is contraindicated with PDE5 inhibitors due to dangerous hypotension; avoid concurrent use and inform providers.

Erectile Dysfunction (ED) Treatments

PDE5 inhibitors, testosterone therapy (if hypogonadism), VEDs, injections, urethral suppositories, implants, and counseling.

Prostate Cancer Screening (PSA & DRE)

PSA blood test and digital rectal exam used for screening; shared decision-making for timing.

Testicular Torsion

Acute emergency where twisted testicle stops blood supply; detorsion/orchiopexy required; treat quickly to save testis.

Cauda Equina Syndrome (emergency)**

(Repeated) Severe emergency syndrome needing urgent decompression to prevent permanent damage.

GERIATRIC UTI Presentation

Elderly may present with atypical UTI symptoms like confusion or fatigue rather than dysuria.