APHUG Unit 2

population distribution

pattern in how humans are spread out on Earth

Eurasia

large landmass including Europe (10%) and Asia (60%)

ecumene

places that have permanent human inhabitants

anthropocene

period where human activities = dominant influence on environment

population clusters

extremely populated areas that show how uneven population distribution is

metacities

cities w/ more than 20 million residents

megacities

cities w/ more than 10 million residents

developed/industrialized country

advanced economy and high standard of living (e.g. US)

developing/industrializing country

low income or economically poorer than industrialized countries

Snow Belt

U.S. states located in northern and midwestern parts

Sun Belt

U.S. states located in south and southwestern parts

mean center of population

avg center of a country based on popular distribution

population density

avg number of ppl per unit of land

• can mask population distribution

physiological density

avg number of ppl per unit area of land suitable for cultivation

• indicator of pressure population puts on agriculture and land

arable land

land suitable for cultivation

agricultural density

number of farmers per unit of arable land

• reflect labor intensiveness

carrying capacity

number of ppl Earth can sustain

human well-being

state of being comfortable

population composition

makeup of population based on factors like age, sex

age structure

breakdown of population into different groups

• affects future population growth, labor supply, dependency ratios, demand for services, economic growth

dependency ratio

number of dependents (too young to work OR retired) in a population that each 100 working ppl must support

youth dependency ratio

dependency ratio based on young dependents

elderly dependency ratio

dependency ratio based on elderly dependents

generations

groups of ppl who were born around the same time and share cultural and social influences

• predict economic and social trends

sex ratio

numerical ratio btwn males and females

androcentrism

cultural preference for males

infanticide

practice of killing infants

consequences of unbalanced sex ratios*

• men increasingly unable to find female partners

• increase in human trafficking

population pyramids

useful graphic device for comparing age and sex structure

*

rapid growth

• usually in developing countries (e.g. DRC)

*

slow growth

• birth rate is slightly to moderately over death rate

*

stable population growth/zero growth

• birth rate and death rate similar

• often resemble a pillar

*

decline

• elderly ppl increasing

• labor shortage, less demand for certain goods

population dynamics*

growth and change of human population on Earth

demographic equation

calculates total population of a place based on natural increase and migration over time

crude birth rate (CBR)

avg number of births per 1000 ppl

• relates births to total population without considering age or sex structure

low birth rate

CBR btwn 10 and 20 births per 1000 ppl

transitional birth rate

CBR btwn 20 and 30 per 1000 ppl

high birth rate

CBR more than 30 per 1000 ppl

total fertility rate (TFR)

average number of children born per woman during childbearing years

• focuses on females

• reveals avg family size

• suggest future changes

replacement level fertility

avg number of children needed to replace both parents & stabilize population over time (2.1)

gender roles

societal expectations on what it means to be a certain gender

crude death rate (CDR)

number of deaths per yr per 1000 ppl

• relates death without differentiating old or young

infant mortality rate (IMR)

how many infants die within first yr of life per 1000 live births

• best indicator of living standards bc of various variables affecting IMR

child mortality

deaths of children under 5

rate of natural increase (RNI)

difference btwn number of births and deaths in a yr and as a percentage

zero population growth (ZPG)

number of births = number of deaths

doubling time

number of yrs it takes for a population to double

rule of 70

tool for calculating doubling time of a population by dividing 70 by country’s RNI

demographic transition model (DTM)

shows how CBR, CDR, and RNI change over time as countries change from agricultural to urban societies

stage 1 of DTM*

high stationary

• birth rates and death rates high

• before demographic transition

stage 2 of DTM*

early expanding

• rapid population growth

• death rates drop rapidly

e.g. sub-Saharan Africa

stage 3 of DTM*

late expanding

• birth rates drop

• birth rates meet death rates

e.g. Mexico, India, Colombia

stage 4 of DTM*

low stationary

• birth rates and death rates similar and stabilize

• population decrease

e.g. US

stage 5 of DTM*

natural decrease

• birth rates = below death rates

• population decrease

e.g. Japan, Germany

criticism of the DTM*

• based on experiences in northern European countries

• nonlinear progression possible (e.g. Afghanistan)

• accelerated transition possible (e.g. China)

epidemiology

branch of medicine that studies distribution, causes and control of diseases and other conditions

epidemiological transition theory

causes of human death transition from parasitic/nutritional diseases to chronic, degenerative diseases

• seeks to explain how changes in health services & living standards affect patterns of disease

phase 1 of epidemiological transition*

age of pestilence and famine

• outbreaks of deadly, infectious disease

• population growth: slow to none

phase 2 of epidemiological transition*

age of receding pandemics

• rapid declines in death rates bc of sanitation and medicine

• population growth speeds up

• risk from dying from degenerative diseases increase

degenerative disease

causes deterioration over time

phase 3 of epidemiological transition*

age of degenerative and human-made diseases

• death rates decline & then stabilize

• chronic and degenerative diseases become main causes of death

phase 4 of epidemiological transition*

age of delayed degenerative diseases

• improvement in medical technology for preventing and treating degenerative diseases

Malthusian

relating to Malthusian theory or follower of Malthus

Malthusian theory of population*

• humans’ ability to reproduce exceeded ability to produce food

• population = exponential growth

• food production = linear growth

overpopulation

human population exceeds food supply

Paul Ehrlich*

Neo-Malthusian who warned world will face dire consequences from unrestrained population growth

neo-Malthusians

ppl who today believe in Malthusian theory of population

cornucopians

ppl who disagree w/ Malthusian theory of population

Ester Boserup*

human resourcefulness will invent technology to increase food supply

Boserup effect

increase in food production resulting from use of new farming methods

Julian Simon*

human resourcefulness, new technology, and market forces will solve society’s problems

Karl Marx*

starvation, war, diseases come from unequal distribution of wealth

antinatalist policies

seek to reduce population growth by reducing fertility rates

• easier for non-elected gov’ts

consequences of China’s birth control policy*

• drastic change in family structure (4-2-1 grandparents-parents-child)

• unbalanced sex ratios

• aging population growing before developed states

pronatalist policies

seek to boost fertility rates and population growth

• increased child allowances, paid maternity leave

• increased immigration

women’s status

degree of equality btwn men and women in terms of access and in control of physical and social resources

women’s empowerment

women’s increased freedom to make choices and change their lives

women’s status and effects on mortality*

higher status reduces infant, child and maternal mortality

women’s status and effects on migration*

• women may have to take husband’s responsibilities

• women may migrate for better jobs in countries w/ more female autonomy

• more opportunities for education and exposure to modern ideas

aging population

population that ages as the # or proportion of elderly population increases

median age

age that divides population into 2 halves

• indicator of age distribution

• factors like migration by young ppl can influence median age

e.g. 14, 18, 20, 24, 29

life expectancy

# of yrs expected to live

consequences of aging population*

• labor force shortage

• rising elderly dependency ratio

• changing economy

• population decline

spatial mobility

all forms of geographical movement

social (upward) mobility

change in social hierarchy

e.g. employee gets job promotion

migration

long term/permanent move of ppl

migrant/mover

someone who migrates

non-migrants/stayer

ppl who don’t move

origin

location before relocating

destination

place migrant is going

out-migration

act of someone leaving origin

in-migration

act of someone arriving at destination

out-migrant

someone who leaves origin

in-migrant

someone who arrives at destination

immigration

act of someone arriving at destination

emigration

act of someone leaving origin

migration stream

flow of migrants from origin to destination

counterstream

flow of migrants from destination to origin

net migration

difference btwn in-migrants and out-migrants