Module 3 - Emergencies

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344 Terms

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Ventilation
includes inhalation and exhalation, one full breath
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What has to happen for a person to inhale?
diaphragm goes down and ribs go out, the air diffuses from high to low concentration into the lungs until pressure is equal
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What has to happen for a person to exhale?
diaphragm comes back up and ribs back in and air rushes out by diffusion
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External respiration
in the alveoli, diffusion of oxygen in the lungs to bloodstream
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Internal respiration
diffusion of oxygen, water and glucose from the capillaries into cells
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Cellular respiration
process of making ATP from oxygen, water and glucose
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Hypoxia
low oxygen in body
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Stridor
whistling blockage in upper airway
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Mottled
patchy skin red/blue skin color
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Flushed
red skin color
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Jaundice
yellow skin and possible eye color
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Cyanotic
blue skin
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Wheezing
gasping, labored breathing in lower airway
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Apnea
not breathing
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Crepitus
bones grinding against each other, OR popping and cracking under the skin and joints.
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Dyspnea
difficulty breathing
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What is the air pillow like structure that is wrapped in capillaries?
alveoli
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Hypercapnia
a high level of CO2 in the bloodstream
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What are the causes of hypoxia?
Smoke, trauma, disease such as emphysema, lung cancer, heart attack, COPD, drowning, high fever, pressure on the chest, congestive heart failure, asthma, chronic bronchitis
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List the signs of inadequate breathing
pale, cool, clammy skin, lung sounds like stridor and wheezing, cyanotic, breathing rate very high, percent oxygen low, altered mental status, possibly unconscious
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Pulse oximeter reading
It looks at the hemoglobin of the red blood cells and shows the percent of hemoglobin that is covered by another molecule. An advance oximeter will tell whether the molecules are O2 which people can use for cellular respiration or CO (carbon monoxide) which can not be used for cellular respiration.
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What can give incorrect readings on a pulse oximeter?
nail polish, smoker, lotion, cold fingers.
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Tachypnea
breathing at a fast rate
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Nasal flaring
a sign in children that they are having trouble breathing and moving to hypoxia
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Capillary refill
a sign in children they have hypoxia, press the nail bed, skin under turns white and then measures the time it takes to turn back to the normal skin color. It should be less than 2 seconds in children.
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The \_______ is easily obstructed in children
trachea
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Head size
children have a head bigger in comparison to their body
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Airway size
smaller in children
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Breathing rate
faster in children
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Heart rate
faster in children
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How do you decide which way to open the airway (head/tilt/chin lift or jaw thrust)?
trauma to head or back then do jaw thrust otherwise head tilt/chin lift
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How do you decide whether you choose a non-rebreather or a BVM?
BVM (not breathing, breathing less than 8 or more than 24, pulse ox less than 86%, could be unconscious, usually trauma situation), Nonrebreather (complain of trouble breathing, signs of hypoxia, pulse ox 86-95%, must look at the entire patient to decide)
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Air that is coming out of an oxygen tank used for breathing treatment is \___ oxygen
100%
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What is a CPAP machine and when is it used?
continuous positive airway pressure is for respiratory distress patients, like those with pulmonary edema from congestive heart failure, bronchitis, emphysema, asthma
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What color is an oxygen canister?
Green
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What is the procedure to giving oxygen to a patient with a stoma?
Use tracheostomy mask, mask over stoma, cover mouth
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What circumstances could continued oxygen therapy cause a hazard to a patient?
Patients with COPD like emphysema could have decreased breathing rates, decreased cardiac output, gastric distention, and dangerous changes in blood pressure.
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Why is it so important to get the right size C collar on a patient?
Too loose means that the neck not stabilized, spine can be injured. Too tight can cause breathing difficulty
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A patient has been found supine in bed with her head resting on a pillow. She is not breathing. What is one of the first things you should do before hooking up oxygen?
Open airway, remove pillow
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Explain the procedure to do suctioning.
Place patient on their side, turn on the machine, place the rigid catheter, yankauer tip into the mouth as far as you can see, place your finger over the hole, suction back and forth as you pull the catheter out. You should suction for no more than 10 seconds.
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What is the whole purpose of the Primary Assessment?
Find and treat any life threats
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You are on a call and size up the scene as you approach. When does sizing up the scene around you stop on a call?
Always pay attention to the scene around you for the whole call. The scene size up only stops when you leave the scene.
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What is an intervention?
The procedures and/or medicine you would do to help the patient.
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What is a contraindication?
Conditions where a medication should not be used.
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What could be done with a towel to help a child breathe better?
Put it under shoulders
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What are baseline vitals and when are they first taken?
Pulse, bp, pulse ox, breathing rate, depth and quality (taken during primary assessment)
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What is the time limit for suctioning?
No more than 10 seconds.
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You find an infant that appears to be nonresponsive. How should you check for responsiveness in an infant?
Tap the foot
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What does trending mean?
Compare the baseline vital signs to the recent vital signs. Are they stable?, getting worse?, condition getting better?
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What is the difference between a sign and a symptom?
Sign is something you can see and measure, symptoms are what the person tells you and is subjective.
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What does AVPU stand for?
Alert verbal, painful, unresponsive
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What three things are you looking for when checking a victim's eyes?
PERRL pupils equal, round, reactive to light.
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A fall that is \_____ times the height of the person is considered trauma.
3
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A medical assessment patient is checked \______
5-10 minutes
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A patient in trauma should be rechecked every \_______ minutes.
5
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Where does the reassessment start again at?
Go back to vitals in primary assessment, back up to abcs
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Define what anaphylactic shock is
allergic reaction, blood pressure drops, bronchioles constrict, hard to breathe
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What happens to you as your body initially goes into anaphylactic shock
Blood pressure drops, heart rate increases, breathing rate increases, bronchioles constrict
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What is the normal range for blood sugar?
70-120
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When checking a patient during a trauma check. What are the three things that are checked in the chest?
lung sounds (auscultate), tenderness (palpate), deformities (inspect)
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Define what shock is
hypoperfusion, the lack of oxygen to all the cells of your body.
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Normal Pulse Ox
95% and above
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Nasal Cannula
pulse ox is 90-95%, 4-6 L/min
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Nonrebreather
pulse ox is 86-90%, airway is patent, 12-20 breaths per minute, struggling with breathing, 10-15 L/min
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BVM
low pulse ox below 86%, less than 8 or more than 24 breaths per minute, unconscious, 10-15 L/min
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If the airway is non patent
use head tilt chin lift or jaw thrust
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What direction does the diaphragm and your rib muscles move in inhalation?
out
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What direction does the diaphragm and your rib muscles move in exhalation?
relax
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Cardiac arrest
loss of heart function from electrical malfunction, an electrical problem
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Heart Attack
Myocardial Infarction, blood flow to heart is blocked, tissue dies, a circulation problem
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CPR and its purpose
actions taken to revive a person by getting blood with oxygen to the brain tissue with cells. These cells can possibly then still make ATP and will not die or kill the person.
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Defibrillation and its purpose
delivery of an electrical shock with an AED to stop the fibrillation of heart muscles. The heart tissue (SA and AV nodes) will then start the electricity again (automaticity) and restore a normal heart rhythm
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Name the four chambers of the heart
right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle
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Name two arteries on the outside of the heart (coronary arteries) that keep the heart alive.
left & marginal artery
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What does the heart have to have to keep the heart tissue alive?
Oxygen, glucose and water from the blood.
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What are the two large veins going into the heart?
Pulmonary vein, inferior and superior vena cava
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The right side of the heart has (oxygenated, deoxygenated) blood.
deoxygenated
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Where does the pulmonary artery go to?
The lungs
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True or false. Both atria fill with blood and then contract and then both ventricles fill with blood and contract.
True
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What causes the lub, dub sound of the heart?
Bi and tricuspid valves closing for the lub and the pulmonary semilunar valve and aortic semilunar valves closing in the heart for the dub
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Name three things that are in blood that are pumped out to the cells including heart tissue cells.
oxygen, water, glucose
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The heart makes its own electricity. What is this ability called?
Automaticity
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The electricity goes from the SA node and causes these to contract (atria) and then goes to the \_______ node which causes these to contract.
AV, ventricles
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Describe what shock is.
hypoperfusion, inadequate tissue perfusion at the cellular level, all types will have altered mental status
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Hypovolemic shock
lack of fluid, blood loss, dehydration, pale, cool, clammy, common in geriatric patients, massive release of epinephrine causes this, can also be called hemorrhagic shock, tachycardic heart rate
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Distributive shock

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Anaphylactic shock
distributive shock, allergic reaction (histamines) causes all blood vessels dilate, low blood pressure, bronchial tubes constrict, hives caused by capillaries dilating, red, itchy, warm, this will not be cool or clammy.
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Neurogenic shock
distributive shock, blood vessels all dilate as result of spinal cord or nerve damage, low blood flow from low blood pressure all over body, below injury will be warm, dry, above injury will be cool, clammy, body trying to move blood from extremities to core to try to compensate for low blood pressure, slow heart rate
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Septic shock
distributive shock, skin is hot, most likely low blood pressure
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Obstructive shock
examples of causes
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Cardiogenic shock
myocardial infarction, heart failure, heart problems, low or no blood flow, tachycardic heart rate
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Compensated shock
AO X 4, normal range blood pressure, high heart rate, high respiration rate
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Decompensated shock
not alert, dropping blood pressure, increased heart rate, high respiration rate
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Irreversible shock
unresponsive
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Acute Coronary Syndrome
a blanket term used to represent any symptoms related to lack of oxygen (ischemia) in the heart muscle. Includes angina pectoris and Myocardial Infarction
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Acute Coronary Syndrome is also known as
cardiac compromise
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Name the five symptoms of heart problems
pain in the center of chest, nausea, vomiting, sweating, mild chest discomfort, no pain at all
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Treatment

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Nitroglycerin
relaxes blood vessels in coronary arteries and decreases the workload of heart; dilates coronary arteries; one dose every 5 minutes up to 3 doses. .4 mg each tablet; Indications; patient complains of chest pain, patient has a history of cardiac problems, patient's physician has prescribed nitroglycerin, systolic blood pressure is greater than 90; person has not taken an ED drug lately. Contraindications
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Medical direction authorizes the administration of the nitroglycerin. TRUE