OIA1004 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM II

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What is pulmonary ventilation?

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1

What is pulmonary ventilation?

The process of air exchange between the atmosphere and the lungs.

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2

Define inhalation (inspiration).

An active process where the diaphragm contracts and thoracic volume increases, leading to a decrease in intrapulmonary pressure.

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3

What occurs during exhalation (expiration)?

A passive process where the diaphragm relaxes, thoracic volume decreases, and intrapulmonary pressure increases.

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4

What is Boyle's Law?

At constant temperature, the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume.

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5

What is tidal volume (TV)?

The amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions, approximately 500 mL.

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6

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

The amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation, approximately 1900-3100 mL.

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7

Define expiratory reserve volume (ERV).w

The amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation, approximately 700-1200 mL.

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8

What is residual volume (RV)?

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation, approximately 1100-1200 mL.

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9

What is functional residual capacity (FRC)?

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration, calculated as ERV + RV.

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10

What is vital capacity (VC)?

The maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory effort, calculated as TV + IRV + ERV.

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11

Define total lung capacity (TLC).

The maximum amount of air contained in the lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort, approximately 4200-6000 mL.

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12

What factors affect pulmonary ventilation?

Air pressure changes, surface tension of alveolar fluid, lung compliance, and airway resistance.

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13

What is the role of pulmonary surfactant?

A detergent-like complex that reduces surface tension in smaller alveoli, preventing collapse and reducing the energy needed to expand the lungs.

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14

What is the significance of Dalton's Law?

It states that the total pressure is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in a mixture.

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15

Explain Henry's Law.

The amount of gas that dissolves in a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure and solubility.

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16

What is external respiration?

Gas exchange between the lungs and blood in the pulmonary capillaries, where blood gains O2 and releases CO2.

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17

Define internal respiration.

Gas exchange between blood in systemic capillaries and cells, where blood gains CO2 and releases O2.

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18

What is the role of chemoreceptors in respiration?

They respond to changes in blood PCO2, PO2, and pH to regulate breathing rate and depth.

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19

What is the normal respiratory rate for a healthy adult?

Approximately 12-15 breaths per minute.

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20

What is hyperpnea?

An increased respiratory rate due to extra oxygen needs, often occurring during exercise.

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21

What are the main types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

Emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

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22

What characterizes asthma?

A chronic inflammatory disorder with hypersensitivity of the airway and reversible airway obstruction.

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23

What is the significance of ventilation/perfusion coupling?

It ensures efficient gas exchange by matching the amount of gas reaching the alveoli with blood flow in pulmonary capillaries.

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24

How is oxygen primarily transported in the blood?

About 98.5% of O2 is transported by binding to hemoglobin in red blood cells.

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25

What factors influence the binding and dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin?

Partial pressure of O2, partial pressure of CO2, blood pH, temperature, and levels of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG).

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