A&P

What is anatomy?

Anatomy is the branch of science that studies the structure of organisms and their parts.

What is physiology?

Physiology is the study of how the body's parts function and work together.

What are the four main types of tissue?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.

What is homeostasis?

Homeostasis is the ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment.

What is the function of the skeletal system?

The skeletal system provides support, protection, and movement for the body.

What are osteocytes?

Osteocytes are mature bone cells responsible for maintaining bone tissue.

What is the role of the muscular system?

The muscular system enables movement of the body and its parts.

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.

What is the cardiovascular system?

The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels, responsible for circulating blood throughout the body.

What is the primary function of red blood cells?

Red blood cells transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs.

What is the central nervous system?

The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord; it processes and transmits information.

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

What is the function of the respiratory system?

The respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange, bringing oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide.

What is the role of the digestive system?

The digestive system breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste.

What is the difference between arteries and veins?

Arteries carry blood away from the heart; veins carry blood toward the heart.

What is the lymphatic system?

The lymphatic system is part of the immune system and helps remove waste and toxins from the body.

What are hormones?

Hormones are chemical messengers secreted by glands that regulate various body functions.

What is the function of the endocrine system?

The endocrine system produces hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and reproduction.

What is the integumentary system?

The integumentary system includes the skin, hair, nails, and glands; it protects the body and regulates temperature.

What is the role of the kidneys?

The kidneys filter blood and produce urine to remove waste products from the body.

What is the function of the liver?

The liver detoxifies chemicals, metabolizes drugs, and produces bile to aid in digestion.

What is the role of the gallbladder?

The gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver, releasing it into the small intestine to aid digestion.

What is the main function of the pancreas?

The pancreas produces digestive enzymes and hormones like insulin, which regulates blood sugar.

What are the main parts of a neuron?

The main parts of a neuron are the cell body, axon, and dendrites.

What is synapse?

A synapse is the junction between two neurons where information is transmitted.

What are neurotransmitters?

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals across a synapse from one neuron to another.

What is the main function of the thoracic cavity?

The thoracic cavity houses the heart and lungs, providing protection and space for their functioning.

What are the major organs in the abdominal cavity?

The stomach, liver, intestines, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys.

What is the primary function of the skin?

The skin protects internal organs, regulates temperature, and provides sensory information.

What is the role of alveoli?

Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

What is the function of the colon?

The colon absorbs water and electrolytes from indigestible food matter and compacts waste for excretion.

What is cardiac muscle?

Cardiac muscle is a type of involuntary muscle found only in the heart.

What is the structure of DNA?

DNA is structured as a double helix composed of nucleotide pairs.

What is the function of the cerebellum?

The cerebellum coordinates muscle movements and maintains posture and balance.

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

The hypothalamus regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and circadian rhythms.

What is the pituitary gland known as?

The pituitary gland is often referred to as the 'master gland' because it regulates other endocrine glands.

What are the layers of the skin?

The epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer.

What is the function of synovial fluid?

Synovial fluid lubricates joints to reduce friction during movement.

What is the role of the retina?

The retina is a layer of tissue at the back of the eye that detects light and converts it into neural signals.

What is the function of the hematopoietic system?

The hematopoietic system is responsible for the formation of blood cells.

What is the primary role of epithelium tissue?

Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and lines cavities and organs.

What are the types of connective tissue?

Loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, adipose tissue, blood, and bone.

What is the main function of the spleen?

The spleen filters blood and helps fight infections.

What is the purpose of cartilage?

Cartilage provides flexible support and cushioning at joints.

What is the role of the sarcomere?

The sarcomere is the basic structural and functional unit of muscle tissue responsible for contraction.

What is the function of the digestive enzymes?

Digestive enzymes help break down food into nutrients that can be absorbed.

What causes muscle contraction?

Muscle contraction occurs when myosin heads pull actin filaments in a process called the sliding filament model.

What is the primary function of the cochlea?

The cochlea converts sound vibrations into neural signals that the brain can interpret.

What are the three layers of the heart?

The epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium.

What is the function of the diaphragm?

The diaphragm is a muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and aids in breathing.

What is the role of the hypothalamus in thermoregulation?

The hypothalamus detects changes in body temperature and initiates responses to maintain homeostasis.

What are the roles of leukocytes?

Leukocytes, or white blood cells, are involved in the immune response and protect the body from infections.

What is fibrous connective tissue?

Fibrous connective tissue consists of tightly packed collagen fibers, providing strength and support.

What is the role of the aorta?

The aorta is the largest artery in the body, carrying oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

What is insulin?

Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels.

What is the main function of the appendicular skeleton?

The appendicular skeleton facilitates movement and interaction with the environment.

What does the term 'neurology' refer to?

Neurology is the study of the nervous system and its disorders.

What are the major bones in the human body?

The major bones include the skull, ribs, spine, pelvis, and long bones of the limbs.

What is a ligament?

A ligament is a fibrous connective tissue that connects bones to other bones at joints.

What is the role of the thyroid gland?

The thyroid gland regulates metabolism, energy generation, and growth.

What is the function of the pectoral girdle?

The pectoral girdle connects the upper limbs to the trunk, providing attachment points for muscles.

What are the main divisions of the brain?

The brain is divided into the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem.

What is the role of the semicircular canals?

The semicircular canals are involved in balance and spatial orientation.

What is the primary function of glial cells?

Glial cells support and protect neurons in the nervous system.

What is the difference between voluntary and involuntary muscles?

Voluntary muscles are under conscious control, while involuntary muscles operate automatically.

What are stem cells?

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can develop into different cell types.

What are the causes of edema?

Edema is caused by excess fluid accumulation in tissues, resulting from inflammation, injury, or heart failure.

What is the function of the outer ear?

The outer ear collects sound waves and funnels them into the ear canal.

What is the importance of the blood-brain barrier?

The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances in the bloodstream.

What is the role of dendrites in a neuron?

Dendrites receive signals from other neurons and transmit them to the cell body.

What is the primary function of Schwann cells?

Schwann cells insulate nerve fibers and facilitate signal transmission in the peripheral nervous system.

What is the function of platelets?

Platelets are involved in blood clotting to prevent excessive bleeding.

What is the role of the sphincter muscle?

Sphincter muscles control the openings of various organs, such as the digestive tract.

What is the role of the mesentery in the digestive system?

The mesentery supports the small intestine and contains blood vessels that supply it.

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen.

What is meant by 'reflex arc'?

A reflex arc is the neural pathway that mediates a reflex action.

What do the terms 'anterior' and 'posterior' refer to in anatomy?

Anterior refers to the front of the body; posterior refers to the back.

What is the primary purpose of the urinary system?

The urinary system removes waste products from the body and regulates fluid balance.

What are the main components of blood?

The main components of blood include red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma.

What is the role of the sinoatrial node (SA node)?

The SA node is known as the heart's natural pacemaker, regulating heartbeats.

What is the purpose of the lymph nodes?

Lymph nodes filter lymph fluid and are critical for immune response.

What are the two types of joint movements?

Synovial (freely movable) and non-synovial (limited or no movement) joint movements.

What is the function of mucus in the respiratory system?

Mucus traps particles and pathogens to protect the respiratory tract and facilitate breathing.

What does the term 'cardiac output' mean?

Cardiac output is the volume of blood the heart pumps per minute, critical for assessing heart function.

What is the role of the basal ganglia?

The basal ganglia are involved in the regulation of movement and coordination.