PSYCH2GG3 - Chapter1 Part 2

Flashcards covering key scientists, psychological concepts, the importance of diversity in academia, decision-making, the value and self-relevance systems, and the habit loop.

John Broadus Watson

A key figure in modern Psychology, known for his belief in shaping individuals through environment and training.

B.F. Skinner

A key figure in modern Psychology who proposed that behavior is shaped by reinforcement (positive or negative) or punishment.

Behaviorism

A sub-discipline of learning psychology involving Operant Conditioning and Instrumental Learning, associated with B.F. Skinner.

Edward Lee Thorndike

A key figure in modern Psychology who developed the Law of Effect.

Law of Effect

Behaviours followed by positive outcomes are more likely to be repeated, while those followed by negative outcomes are less likely to recur; consequences influence future behaviour.

Ivan Pavlov

A key figure in modern Psychology who accidentally discovered that associations could be formed between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring reflex, leading to Classical Conditioning.

Classical Conditioning

The process of forming associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring reflex, discovered by Ivan Petrovich Pavlov.

Albert Bandura

A key figure in modern Psychology who introduced the concept of self-efficacy and Social Learning Theory.

Self-efficacy

A person’s belief in their ability to succeed in different situations or accomplish tasks, a concept introduced by Albert Bandura.

Social Learning Theory

The theory introduced by Albert Bandura, stating that new behaviors can be learned by simply observing others.

Cissy Ballen, Hopi Hoekstra, Jane Goodall, Rosemary Grant

Examples of women scientists whose contributions are important to acknowledge in the sub-discipline of learning.

Diversity Matters (2015)

A report by Hunt, Layton, & Prince (McKinsey) that examined data from public companies, concluding that diversity improves financial performance.

Katherine Phillips Study

A study that showed groups with out-group newcomers were more likely to correctly identify a murder suspect, despite feeling less confident, highlighting the value of diverse perspectives.

Emily Falk, Ph.D.

A researcher at the Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, who studies how the value and self-relevance systems shape choices.

Value System

One of two core networks in the brain that helps assess what’s worth our time, attention, and effort, calculating the potential for reward.

Self-Relevance System

One of two core networks in the brain that helps identify things that are 'me' or 'not me,' influencing choices based on self-identity.

Foregrounding

To bring something into focus or give it more attention, as shown in Emily Falk's study where foregrounding 'tastiness' increased vegetable intake.

Habit Loop

Composed of a Cue (trigger), Routine (behavior), and Reward (reinforcement), forming the mechanism by which habits are established.

Cue (Habit Loop)

The first component of the habit loop, serving as a trigger or signal that initiates a habit; can be internal or external.

Routine (Habit Loop)

The actual behavior or action performed in response to a cue, forming the core of the habit itself.

Reward (Habit Loop)

The element that reinforces a habit and provides motivation to continue, strengthening the association between the cue and routine.

Chunking

The process by which the brain converts a sequence of actions into an automatic routine, playing a crucial role in habit formation.