AP HUG Unit 3/4 Jayden Kainsinger

Folk Culture

Small group, a homogeneous group, typically rural,
and is cohesive in cultural traits (Traditional/spatially isolated)

popular culture

Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.

Local Culture

Group of people in a place who see themselves as
a collective or as a community who share common experiences, customs, and traits (and they work to preserve those traits to hold onto uniqueness and distinguish themselves from others). Explain how scale of analysis changes how we analyze this...

material culture

the art, housing, clothing, sports, dances, foods, and other similar items constructed or created by a group of people

nonmaterial culture

The beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values of a group of people.

Heirarchical Diffusion

The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places

Hearth

The region from which innovative ideas originate

Assimilation

the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another

custom

Practices followed by the people of a particular cultural group.

cultural appropriation

the process by which cultures adopt customs and knowledge from other cultures and use them for their own benefit Ex Dreads, braids

Neolocalism

The seeking out of the regional culture and reinvigoration of it in response to the uncertainty of the modern world.

Ethnic Neighborhood

a neighborhood, typically situated in a larger metropolitan city and constructed by or comprised of a local culture, in which a local culture can practice its customs

Commodofication

the process of placing a price on a good and then buying, selling and trading the good. Ex- buying water bottles.

authenticity

The accuracy with which a single stereotypical or typecast image or experience conveys an otherwise dynamic and complex local culture or its customs.

Distance Decay

the effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction

time-space compression

A term associated with the work of David Harvey that refers to the social and psychological effects of living in a world in which time-space convergence has rapidly reached a high level of intensity.

opinion leaders

people who know more about certain topics than we do and whose advice we trust, seek out, and follow

Reterritorialization

when people within a place start to produce an aspect of popular culture themselves, doing so in the context of their local culture and making it their own

cultural landscape

the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape

Placelessness

Defined by geographer Edward Relph as the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next

Culture

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

global-local continuum

the notion that what happens at the global scale has a direct effect on what happens at the local scale, and vice-versa

Glocalization

The process by which people in a local place mediate and alter regional, national, and global processes

gender

in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female

identity

one's sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

identifying against

define the "other", then define ourselves in opposing terms. One of the most powerful ways to construct an identity. EX) Europeans called the Middle East and Asia the "Orient", and called it a mystical place. They also called Africans and Americans "savage". The Europeans said they weren't either of these things, so they were therefore "civil"

race

A group of human beings distinguished by physical traits, blood types, genetic code patterns or genetically inherited characteristics.

Racism

Belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.

residential segregation

Defined by Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton as "the degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another, in different parts of the urban environment."

Succesion

The series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time

sense of place

Feelings evoked by people as a result of certain experiences and memories associated with a particular place.

Ethnicity

Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions.

space

The physical gap or interval between two objects

place

a particular position or point in space

Gendered

In terms of a place, whether the place is designed for or claimed by men or women

queer theory

social theory about gender and sexual identity; emphasizes the importance of difference and rejects ideas of innate identities or restrictive categories

dowry death

in arranged marriages in india, bride is killed for failure of father to pay dowry

Barrioization

Defined by geographer James Curtis as the dramatic increase in Hispanic population in a given neighborhood

language

A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.

mutual intelligibility

The ability of two people to understand each other when speaking

standard language

The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.

Language Dialect

A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

dialect chains

a set of contagious dialects in which the dialects nearest to each other at any place in the chain are most closely related

Isogloss

a geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs

language families

group of related languages that have all developed from one earlier language

language subfamilies

smaller groups of languages within a language family

Cognates

Words that look similar and have the same origin in two languages.

Proto-Indo-European

hypothesized ancestral Indo-European language that is the hearth of the ancient Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit languages.

Proto-Eurasiatic

a proposed older language that preceded Proto-Indo European. About 15,000 years ago variations began as people moved and lost contact w/ each other.

language divergence

The opposite of language convergence; a process suggested by German linguist August Schleicher whereby new languages are formed when a language breaks into dialects due to a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of the language and continued isolation eventually causes the division of the language into discrete new languages

extinct language

A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used.

language revival

bringing back to full use a language that has been moribund

conquest theory

the theory that early Proto-Indo-European speakers spread westward on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European tounges

Romance languages

Any of the languages derived from Latin including Italian, Spanish, French, and Romanian.

Germanic languages

Languages (English, German, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish) that reflect the expansion of peoples out of Northern Europe to the west and south

Slavic languages

Languages (Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, and Bulgarian) that developed as Slavic people migrated from a base in present-day Ukraine close to 2000 years ago

lingua franca

A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages

pidgin language

When parts of two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary Spanglish

Creole language

a language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue by a people in a place of the mother tongue

monolingual states

countries in which everyone speaks the same language EX) Japan, Uruguay, Iceland, Denmark, Portugal, Poland, and Lesotho

multilingual states

countries in which more than one language is spoken

official language

The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.

global language

a common language of trade and commerce used around the world. EX) like lingua franca English closest

Toponym

the name given to a place on Earth

Activity Space

the space within which daily activity occurs

interface areas

Places where neighborhoods associated with different religions meet.

Religion

the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods.

Secularism

An indifference to religion and a belief that religion should be excluded from civic affairs and public education.

Monotheistic

Belief in one God

Polytheistic

believing in many gods

animistic religion

The belief that inanimate objects, such as hills, trees, rocks, rivers, and other elements of the natural landscape, possess souls and can help or hinder human efforts on Earth

Universalizing Religion

A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location.

ethnic religion

A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated.

Hinduism

A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms

Caste System

A Hindu social class system that controlled every aspect of daily life

syncretic religion

separate religions that combine into a new religion; often borrow from the past and the present.

Buddhism

the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth

Shintoism

Religion located in Japan and related to Buddhism. focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship.

Taoism

religion believed to have been founded by Lao-Tsu and based upon his book entitled "Tao-te-ching," or "Book of the Way." Lao-Tsu focused on the proper form of political rule and on the oneness of humanity and nature.

Feng Shui

Literally "wind-water." The Chinese art and science of placement and orientation of tombs, dwellings, buildings, and cities. Structures and objects are positioned in an effort to channel flows of sheng-chi ("life-breath") in favorable ways.

Confucianism

A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.

Judaism

A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Old Testament. Jews

Diaspora

the dispersion of the Jews outside Israel

Wailing Wall

Jewish holy site in Jerusalem that is the only remaining portion of Solomon's temple

Zionism

A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine.

Interfaith

of, relating to, or between different religions or members of different religions

Intrafaith

within a single major faith

Extremism

the holding of extreme political or religious views using violence in the way of politics or religion

Christianity

A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior.

Eastern Orthodox Church

a Christian church that grew out of Christianity in eastern Europe and present-day Turkey

Roman Catholic Church

Church established in western Europe during the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages with its head being the bishop of Rome or pope.

Protestant

a member of a Christian church founded on the principles of the Reformation non-Catholic Churches

Islam

A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.

Sunni

A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad

Shiite

a member of the branch of Islam that regards Ali as the legitimate successor to Mohammed and rejects the first three caliphs

Indigenous Religions

Belief systems and philosophies practiced and traditionally passed from generation to generation among peoples within an indigenous tribe or group

Shamanism

The practice of identifying special individuals (shamans) who will interact with spirits for the benefit of the community. Characteristic of the Korean kingdoms of the early medieval period and of early societies of Central Asia.

Pilgrimage

A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes.

Sacred Sites

place or space people infuse with religious meaning

Minarets

Tower attached to a Muslim mosque, having one or more projecting balconies from which a crier calls Muslims to prayer.