(ART APP) TRANSCRIPT – PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE (1)

Refers to a geographical area consisting of a group of islands surrounded by bodies of water.

Archipelagic

Rock carvings or engravings made by ancient Filipinos as a form of decoration in their habitation.

Petroglyphs

Fortified structures built on mountain peaks, such as the ones found in Savidug, Batanes, showcasing early Ivantan settlers' defensive engineering skills.

Mountaintop citadels

A temporary tent-like shelter made of a wooden skeleton and vegetative or animal skin, invented by early Filipinos using stone tools.

Lintu

A shelter constructed around or among the trunk or branches of mature trees, commonly found in areas with intertribal conflicts and raids.

Tree house

Referring to the family of languages and cultures that Southeast Asian cultures, including the Philippines, have descended from.

Austronesian

A traditional Filipino house consisting of a raised wooden structure elevated on posts, with a pitched roof and decorative cable finials.

Bahay Kubo

A distinctive house in the Philippines, serving as both a granary and a home, characterized by circular rat guards and four posts.

Ifugao house

A house in the Philippines built on stout log posts resting on round stones.

Marinao Torogan

Houses built on the seabed, raised on slender posts or stilts, commonly found among the Badjao people.

Badjao houses

Decorative elements found on Southeast Asian roofs, holding the rafters together at the ridge.

Cross cable finials

A house made of stone and mortar, known as Kal e canto, constructed by the Ivatans in the altitudes of the Mountain Province.

Kal e canto

Houses designed and built according to local traditions and materials, taking into consideration the climate and terrain of the area.

Vernacular houses

A typology of houses, best embodied by the Bahay Kubo, constructed using various botanic materials like bamboo and thatch, depending on the ecology of the vicinity.1. Mosque:A place of worship for followers of Islam, characterized by its distinct architecture.

Bahay Kubo typology

The oldest standing mosque in the Philippines, located in Tubig, Indangan, Simundo Islands, Tawitawi, known for its multilayered roof in the pagoda-style.

Sheik Karimol Makhdum Mosque

A mosque in Quiapo, Manila, notable for its gilded dome and a combination of modern mosque design with stylized and colorful Maranao okir patterns.

Golden Mosque

Ethno-linguistic groups in Sulu and Mindanao known for their terrestrial and naval architecture.

Samal, Taosug, Yakan, and Badjao

Indigenous, folk, tribal, ethnic, or traditional architecture found among different ethno-linguistic societies in the Philippines.

Vernacular architecture

The period when the Spanish Empire took possession of the Philippine islands, led by Miguel Lopez de Legaspi in 1565.

Spanish Colonialism

A Spanish walled city in Manila, initially built with light materials but later reconstructed using a hybrid construction style called Architectura Mestiza.

Intramuros

An organizing program during Spanish colonialism that forced native settlements to consolidate into larger and compact villages.

Reduksyon

A set of laws prescribed by King Philip II in 1573, which included the establishment of a main Plaza or Plaza Mayor in towns, surrounded by important government buildings, churches, and residences.

Laws of the Indies

The aesthetic principle that drove the Spanish building program, characterized by grandeur and impressiveness.

Monumentality

Architectural style characterized by the use of sturdier and more permanent materials, imported construction methods, and the influence of Spanish culture.

Spanish colonial architecture

Master builders or architects who directed the construction of churches and institutional structures during the Spanish colonial period, many of whom were priests.

Maestro de obras

A contractual system of employing builders, often Chinese, for construction projects during the Spanish colonial period.

Pacquiao

A tax system used by the colonial government to compel able-bodied males to render labor service for public construction projects.

Polo y servicio

Military structures built as a strategy to safeguard the colonial territories.

Garrisons

The foremost fortification built by the Spanish crown in the Philippines.

Intramuros

Groups responsible for the spiritual governance of the Filipinos and the initiation of building ecclesiastical edifices, churches, monasteries, and convents.

Religious orders

The local architectural style and language used in the earliest churches, characterized by simplicity and the use of light materials.

Vernacular idiom

A building material made of sun-dried bricks, commonly used in the construction of churches during the Spanish colonial period.

Adobe

Structural supports added to churches to reinforce their strength during earthquakes.

Buttresses

The tendency of colonial ornamentation to fill every available space with decorative elements.

Horror vacui

Bell towers attached to churches, ranging from three to five stories.

Campanario

A parish house adjacent to the church, serving as a lodging house, storerooms, school, office, and parish archives.

Convento

A domestic prototype that emerged in the 17th century, characterized by two-story houses with the ground story made of cut stone or brick walls and the upper story built of hardwood.

Bahay na Bato

Architectural style in the 17th century that blended indigenous and European influences.

Arkitektura Mestiza

The expansion of urban areas beyond the old walls of Manila.

Urban sprawl

Apartment dwellings that grew as a consequence of industrialization and the need for cheap housing for migrant laborers.

Accessoria

Civic architecture representing the Spanish administrative institutions.

Palacio Real

Civic architecture representing the Spanish municipal government.

Ayuntamiento

Civic architecture representing the Spanish customs house.1. Casa del Ayuntamiento:A building that occupied an entire block on one side of the Plaza Mayor of Manila during the Spanish colonial period.

Aduana

The residence of the highest official of the land during the Spanish colonial period.

Palacio del Gobernador General

School buildings found in urban areas during the Spanish colonial period.

Colegio or Universidad

School buildings found in different pueblos during the Spanish colonial period.

Escuela Primaria

The first hospital built in Manila by the Franciscans in 1564.

Hospital Real

The infrastructure and public works built during the Spanish colonial period to raise the living standards of the colonial subjects.

Colonial infrastructure

Buildings used for commercial purposes during the Spanish colonial era, ranging from small sidewalk stalls to huge factories.

Commercial buildings

A type of building used by early trading houses and commercial firms during the Spanish colonial period, with offices and shops on the ground floor and the residence of the proprietor on the upper story.

Bahay na Bato

Theaters designed specifically for theatrical dance and musical performances during the Spanish colonial period.

Teatro de Binondo and Teatro de Zorilla

Fighting arenas for cockfighting during the Spanish colonial period.

Sabungan

The period after the Spanish colonial rule ended, when the United States occupied the Philippines.

American occupation

The military government under General Arthur McArthur placed all public works concerns under this organization to reshape Manila's urban environment.

United States Army Corps of Engineers

An agency created by the Commission to oversee the production of colonial infrastructures during the American occupation.

Bureau of Engineering and Construction of Public Works

An agency created by the Commission to oversee the production of colonial public buildings during the American occupation.

Bureau of Architecture and Construction of Public Buildings

A hybrid house that emerged during the early years of American occupation, combining wood and concrete construction and influenced by colonial sanitation practices.1. Sanitary barrios:A neighborhood concept introduced by the Americans in 1908, which allowed Nipa houses to be built on regulated blocks of subdivided lots.

Chalet

A style of architecture that mimicked the styles of Spanish colonial buildings, exhibited in buildings such as the Government Laboratory, Municipal building of Manila, Insular Ice Plant and Cold Storage, Government Printing Office, and Customs house.

Spanish Mission Revival

A movement led by Daniel H. Burnham, an American architect, aimed at creating carefully designed vistas, grand civic centers, axial and radial boulevards, classicist formality, and green open spaces and parkways in order to enhance the beauty and functionality of cities.

City Beautiful Movement

A consulting architect appointed by Burnham to implement his urban directives in Manila and the hill station in Baguio. Parsons was responsible for the design of all public buildings and parks in the colony.

William Parsons

A style of architecture characterized by monumental forms, influenced by American republican ideals, and used in the construction of provincial urban centers, capital buildings, and other public structures in the Philippines.

Neoclassical architecture

A government scholarship program that provided deserving Filipinos aspiring to be architects with the opportunity to receive technical training and study in American universities.

Pensionado system

Carlos Barreto, Antonio Toledo, Tomas Mapua, Juan Arellano, Arcadio Arreliano, and Tomas Arguelez, who were absorbed into the colonial bureaucracy as high-profile civil servants after graduating from American universities and became known as the first-generation architects in the Philippines.

First-generation architects

A new direction in Philippine architecture introduced by the second generation of Filipino architects in the late 1920s and 1930s, characterized by innovative ideas, nonclassical ornaments, rich ornamentation, simplified geometric forms, and exotic imagery derived from non-western sources.1. Art Deco:A style of architecture and design that emerged in the early 20th century, characterized by its geometric shapes, bold colors, and decorative elements.

Art Deco

A later manifestation of Art Deco that incorporated imagery of machine and mass production.

Streamlined Deco

A facility in the Philippines that showcases the exuberant exoticism and ornamentation of Art Deco.

Elpo Building

A structure in the Philippines that demonstrates the transition from Classical to Art Deco in government edifices.

Bautista-Nakpil Pylon

A theater in the Philippines that features the exuberant ornamentation of Art Deco.

Metropolitan Theater

A house in the Philippines that showcases the exuberant ornamentation of Art Deco.

Santos House

A house in the Philippines that showcases the exuberant ornamentation of Art Deco.

Mapua House

A government building in the Philippines that demonstrates the transition from Classical to Art Deco in government edifices.

Bulacan Capital

A government building in the Philippines that demonstrates the transition from Classical to Art Deco in government edifices.

Cebu Capital

A government building in the Philippines that demonstrates the transition from Classical to Art Deco in government edifices.

Sariaya Municipal Building

A building in the Philippines that captures the stepped or zigzag silhouette of Art Deco.

Insular Life Building

A building in the Philippines that captures the stepped or zigzag silhouette of Art Deco.

Bowen Municipal Building

A bridge in the Philippines that features pylons showcasing the stepped or zigzag silhouette of Art Deco.

Quezon Bridge

A stadium in the Philippines that incorporates the streamlined and maritime imagery of Art Deco.

Rizal Memorial Stadium

A building in the Philippines that incorporates the streamlined and maritime imagery of Art Deco.

High Allied Building

Apartments in the Philippines that incorporate the streamlined and maritime imagery of Art Deco.

Bel Air Al Hambra Apartments

A building in the Philippines that incorporates the streamlined and maritime imagery of Art Deco.

Marsman Building

A house in the Philippines that incorporates the streamlined and maritime imagery of Art Deco.

Lopez House

A building in the Philippines that incorporates the streamlined and maritime imagery of Art Deco.

Far Eastern University Main Building

The transitional government established in 1935 as a step towards Philippine independence.

Commonwealth of the Philippines

The first president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines.

Manuel El Quezon

The conflict between the United States and Japan in the Pacific theater during World War II.

Pacific War

The American general who declared Manila an open city during World War II.

General Douglas MacArthur

The military force of the Empire of Japan during World War II.

Japanese Imperial Army

Soaring upright structures and parabolic arches that direct the eye to the sky and express speed.

World War II1

Building material that allows architects to manipulate materials and create sculptural buildings.

Reinforced concrete

Building material that allows for the sculptural potential of concrete's plasticity.

Plastic

Building material that allows for the manipulation of materials and the creation of sculptural buildings.

Steel

Advanced engineering technique that allows for new shapes and structural configurations in buildings.

Thin concrete shells

Roof structure derived from a pleated or folded geometry, creating a three-dimensional structure.

Folded plate

Simple device applied externally to modulate the climate-insensitive designs of the international style.

Brise soleil

Diffuser of light and decorative layer for the exterior, fabricated from perforated concrete or ceramic box.

Pierced screen

Modernist strand that reevaluates vernacular building traditions for energy-efficient design in tropical climates.

Tropical Regionalism

Tall building that redefined the Manila skyline, starting with Anghel Nakpil's Picache Building.

Skyscraper

Housing units developed to address widespread homelessness, offering affordable options.

Low-cost concrete bungalow units

Design approach used in residential units in film life homes, designed by Carlos Arguelez.

Modular planning system

Variety of architectural styles in upscale subdivisions, commissioned by individual homeowners.

Domestic architecture