KINE 6207 Exam # 1 Review

A Roman physician who primarily worked with gladiators

Galen in 100 A.D

He developed the laws of health

Galen

What year was the first time a surgeon general deemed that exercise is good for you

In 1996, the field was really late, there wasn't enough data back then

What year were the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans guidelines updated?

Guidelines were updated in 2018 from the 2008 version

What was discussed in the Physical Activity Guidelines?

They discussed brain health, cancer, sleep, sedentary behavior, and updated duration

What specific populations did the committee produce guidelines for?

Preschoolers, children & adolescents, and adults, older population, and women during pregnancy

In the late 1400s, this person studied the human body

DaVinci

The first exercise physiology textbook was developed by

Fernand LaGrange in 1889

The pioneer of Exercise Physiology

AV Hill in 1921

Who won a Nobel Peace Prize

AV Hill

What was AV Hill research work on?

Muscle Contractions, Vo2 max, Anaerobic threshold

Who developed the first US exercise physiology lab?

Harvard in 1891

Who taught the first exercise physiology course?

Geroge Fitz, MD, initiated a strong, science-based curriculum

What lab was founded by Lawrence Henderson in 1927

The Haravrd Fatuige Lab

Who was the first director of the Harvard Fatigue lab

DB Hill

What was the purpose of the Harvard Fatigue Lab?

A place to come and explore exercise physiology it was established during wartime to figure out how to improve soldiers.

Who started a great Swedish exercise science program?

Erik Hohwa Christensen

In the 1970s who wrote the "Textbook of Work Physiology"

P.O Astrand

In 1941 this college was formed

College of Physical Education in Karolinska

Who is Peter Karpovichc?

A professor at Springfield College who weight-trained athletes and bought resistance training as an acceptable form of exercise.

Who is TK Cureton?

A professor at the University of Illinois said that aerobic/ endurance exercise is good for the body.

His cardiovascular research work was based on guidelines that we know today

TK Cureton

What was the problem with TK Cureton's research?

His participants were only healthy college students so their was a limits on population.

In 1969, The New Aerobics was based on whose work?

Cureton's

This clinic performed annual physicals of patients throughout their lifetimes and looked at physical fitness and health. Also looked at physical fitness and aging

Cooper Clinic located in Dallas

The Father of modern exercise biochemistry

John O. Holloszy

He figured out coffee helps with endurance running and his main focus was on athletic performance

David Costill (Ball State Univerisity)

_____ exercise has an effect on DNA

Epigenetics

_____ is effective in counteracting the effects of obesity and T2D

Exercise,

it's not just the focus of losing weight but also decreasing and combating the symptoms and effects of diseases/ illnesses

Physiology

Study of boildy functions

Exercise Physiology

Explanation of functional changes brought on by a single or repeated exercise bouts

Kinesiology

Explanation of natural phenomena associated with physical activity and sport

Sports medicine

Treatment of athletic injuries also includes clinical and scientific (exercise physiology) aspects

Exercise physiologists study........?

Acute and chronic responses to exercise

The interactions between exercise, physical activity, and health raise the big question of

Should we exercise to lose weight?

The answer is NO

For Weight loss (negative energy balance)

We must expend more energy than you intake

Enegry intake

Calories that are consumed by eating

Energy expenditure

Resting calories, activity, exercise

Indirect calorimetry

Oxygen consumption and respiratory exchange ratio (RER)- allows a calculation of energy expenditure during exercise

3,500 calories=

1lb of fat

If I ate a perfect diet (energy in= RMR+ normal daily active) and if I ran 5x a week how many calories would i burn

3,545 calories and about 1lb of fat a week

The ratio between CO2 relase (VCO2) and oxygen consumed (VO2)

RER

The RER value at rest is____ indicating the body is metabolizing fat

0.78-0.80

Energy expenditure is similar to?

if we burn fat or carbs

For each liter of oxygen consumed, how much we burn?

5 kcal per liter of oxygen consumed

Meta- Analysis

Examination of data from a number of independent studies of the same subject in order to determine overall trends

Weight loss from exercise is a ___ process?

Slow

Increases in lean mass increase RMR to a ________ balance?

Negative

More muscles=

Higher the RMR

The daily expenditure is not altered but energy during exercise is compensated by a more sedentary life which minimizes weight loss. What is the compensatory?

Compensatory hypothesis of exercise training

Meta-analysis conclusion

Compensatory changes in non-exercise physical activity have often been identified as potential reasons for unsuccessful weight loss following exercise training

Does endurance or resistance training produce an increase in sedentary behavior?

NO

With exercise is there an increase in energy intake which compensates for the rise in energy expenditure?

evidence suggest diet and exercise

Individuals who experience a lower predicted weight loss are compensating for what?

increase in energy expenditure (EE)

How many medical conditions visceral (inner fat) adiposity is related to?

7

Metabolic Syndrom (MetS)

Prediabetes

Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

Hyperlidiemia (high blood chlesterol)

Hypertension (high blood pressure)

Type 2 diabetes (T2D)

And some forms of cancer

Visceral fat is because of 2 things?

Location and metabolically active

Exercise can ____ intra-abdominal fat?

Reduce

Exercises target what tissue?

Visceral adipose tissue

Is diet and exercise the most effective way to lose weight?

Yes

How many calories are recommended for maintaining weight loss?

1,500-2,000

What are the benefits of exercise?

Strengthens muscles

Boots mood

reduce the risk of heart disease

increase alertness

reduces body weight

strengthens bones and join

Obesity and abdominal are inflammatory states that can be induced by the____ of ?

immunosuppression by cytokine secretion

Macrophages are initiated by the inflammatory response in what tissue?

Adipose tissue because it's attracted to a stress/dying cell

What does Macrophages cells do ?

detect phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria and other organisms

Inflammation does what to the brain?

pro-inflammatory cytokines cause autoimmune reactions in the brain, which can lead to depression, autism, poor memory, Alzheimer’s disease, and MS

Inflammation does what to the skin?

chronic inflammation compromises the liver and kidneys, resulting in rashes, dermatitis, eczema, acne, psoriasis, wrinkles, and fine lines

Inflammation does what to the cardiovascular system?

inflammation in the heart and arterial and venous walls contributes to heart disease, strokes, high blood sugar (diabetes), and anemia

Inflammation does what to the kidneys?

inflammatory cytokines restrict blood flow to the kidneys, Complications like edema, hypertension, nephritis, and kidney failure can result

inflammation does what to the bones?

inflammation interferes with the body’s natural ability to repair bone mass, increasing the number of fractures and leading to conditions like osteoporosis

Inflammation does what to the liver?

build-up of inflammation leads to an enlarged liver or fatty liver disease

Inflammation does what to the thyroid?

autoimmunity as a result of inflammation can reduce total thyroid receptor count and disrupts thyroid hormone function

Inflammation does what to the GI tract?

chronic inflammation damages our intestinal lining and can result in issues like GERD, Chron’s disease and Celiac disease

inflammation does what to the muscle?

inflammatory cytokines can cause muscle pain and weakness

What is one of the major negative effects of COVID-19 exposure?

Reducing the activity of the ACE2 system

ACE2 enzyme converts_____ to ______?

Angiotensisn II (Bad) to Angiotensisn 1-7 (Good)

Insulin resistance is linked with how many disease states?

16 diseases , that are also lined with inflammatory states

COVID-19 inactivates ACE2 in the muscle which leads to?

Atrophy( muscle wasting)

what does Acquired/adaptive immunity do?

antibodies, b, and t cells ( have to be exposed).

Specific immunity

Develops form the ability to recognized pathogens and react

Has a slower response and memory

what does Innate immunity do?

protection quickly heals ( has a good inflammatory response)

Natural and Gentic immunity( present from birth, nonspecific, has a rapid response)

ex. skin gets a cut and inflammatory response

How does acquired immunity work?

The adaptive immune response invloves white blood cells

Netrophils

Represent the majority of white blood cells in the body, they also act as scavengers helping destroy bacteria ad fungi in the body.

T cells are made in___

The tissues

T cells are also know as?

t-lumphocytes

T cells help with____?

regconizing and removing infectious causing cells

B- cells are made in____?

The Blood

B- cells are also known as____?

B-lumphocytes

What is the primary function of B cells??

Helps produce anitobodies to help the immune sysyem fight a resposne to the infection

A self makrer (MHC) does what to the bodies cells?

Label the body cells as a friend and is tolerated by the immune system

What does cytotoxic t cells regonize?

Infected cells which leads to a cell desk

What does exercise do to help immune response?

Increased cardiac output, blood flow, and stress hormones

Exercise-induced mobilization of immune cells

Improvements in immune function

Increased innate and adaptive immunity

Increased response to viral and bacterial infections o Increased surveillance of cancer cells

Increased antibody production

Increased response to vaccination

What are some physiological changes with acute exercise?

Negative energy balance

Vascular shear stress

Muscle-derived myokine release

Indirect benefits of exercise on immunity

Becuase of phsyical changes that can accur with aucte exercise what is also included?

Decreased fat mass, thus decreased inflammation

Increased immune cell recirculation

Increased anti-inflammatory blood profile

Exercise induces the opposite effect of sedentary lifestyles on immunity and what are some factors that are related to inflammation?

Improves T cell responses

Decreases the incidence of URTI

Inhibits lung inflammation and bacterial pneumonia

Improves lung function

Induces stronger and longer-lasting antibody responses to the flu vaccine - Mitigates immunosenescence

What happens to the anit- imflammaotry capacity

A decrease in the serverity of viral infections and benefits of exercise contrubute to the enhancement of immune system function

Too much exercise can ____ the immune system ?

compromise

The right amount of exercise____the immune response which offer protection agisnt COVD-19 infection

Improves

What is the healthy muscle tissue precentage for men is?

45%

what is the essential fat precentage for men is?

3%

What is the non essential fat precentage for men is?

12%

what is the bone precentage for men?

15%