Carbohydrates

Glyceraldehyde Structure

Dihydroxyacetone

Ribose Structure

Glucose Structure

Fructose Structure

L-Glyceraldehyde

D-Glyceraldehyde

D-Glucose

D-Galactose

Lactose Structure

What is lactose made of?

B-Galactose and B-Glucose

Sucrose Structure

What is sucrose made of?

A-glucose and B-Fructose

Are epimers biologically interchangeable?

No

What is an aldose?

Sugar with a carbonyl group as part of an aldehyde

What is a ketose?

Sugar with a carbonyl group as part of a ketone (usually on C2)

Ribose structure reminder

Ta-Ta-Ta

Glucose structure reminder

Ta-Tu-Ta-Ta

Fructose structure reminder

Ta-Carbonyl-Tu-Ta-Ta

What class of carbohydrate is glucose?

Aldose

what class of carbohydrate is fructose?

ketose

What is a reducing sugar?

a free monosaccharide that can donate electrons in a redox reaction, typically containing an aldehyde or ketone group

What is a nonreducing sugar

a sugar that does not have a free aldehyde or ketone group and cannot donate electrons in a redox reaction

What is a glucoside?

A sugar linked to another molecule

Where do we see phophorylated sugars?

they appear as intermediates in the metabolic pathways for breaking down glucose in glycolysis and synthesizing sugars in photosynthesis

Xylitol structure

Xylitol structure reminder

ta-tu-ta

what is xylitol used for

a sweetener for “sugarless” foods

Glucuronate structure

what type of acid is glucuronate

an uronic acid

what is ribonucleotide reductase used for

reducing the 2’ OH group of ribose to convert a ribonucleotide to a deoxyribonucleotide for DNA synthesis

2’-deoxyribose structure

2’-ribose structure

mannose structure

How many reactive carbons are on a monosaccharide?

1 anomeric carbon

Why do reactions only take place on the anomeric carbon?

there needs to be a carbonyl because of the resolution of an SN2 reaction

are alpha and beta glycosidic bonds interchangeable?

not interchangeable

Glycogen structure

What is the general cellulose structure

a sheet like structure that is held together with h-bonding between the chains

How do humans use cellulose?

We cannot break down cellulose becayse we cannot break down beta-glucacidease, however, we need cellulose in the form of fiber to stimulate bowel movements

What does a glycosidase do?

removes various monosaccharide residues and other enzymes from the Golgi body

What do glycosyltransferases do?

adds new monosaccharides

What is a glycosaminoglycan

repeating disaccharide