[LEC] EXPERI Mod 2-4

Rosenhan's Study

Investigated whether mental health professionals could distinguish between those with mental illness and those without.

Asch Conformity Experiment

Demonstrated the influence of group pressure on individual decision-making.

Bystander Effect

Phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help a victim when others are present.

Milgram Obedience Experiment

Examined how far individuals would go in following orders even when causing harm to others.

The Monster Study

Stuttering experiment conducted on orphan children, highlighting ethical concerns in research.

Informed Consent

Participants agree to participate in a study after being fully informed about the details and risks.

Confidentiality

The practice of keeping participants' data secure and private.

Deception in Research

Can be used ethically if necessary to gather information without misleading at the cost of participants' perception of risk.

Full Disclosure

Explains the true nature of the study to participants after their involvement in the research.

Right to Withdraw

Participants can refuse to take part or discontinue in a study at any time.

Belmont Report Principles

Outlines ethical principles: Respect for Persons, Beneficence, and Justice.

Animal Rights

The view that certain sensate species have equal value and rights as humans.

Scientific Fraud

Involves falsifying or fabricating data, influenced by various motivational factors.

Peer Review

Process that evaluates submissions to academic journals, ensuring quality and ethical standards.

Survey Research

Method of collecting data about opinions and behaviors through questionnaires or interviews.

Closed Questions

Questions that restrict responses to fixed options.

Open-Ended Questions

Questions requiring more elaborate responses from participants.

Sampling Methods

Techniques used to select participants for research, including probability and non-probability sampling.

Social Desirability Bias

Tendency for participants to respond in a way that will be viewed favorably by others.

Solomon Asch

Whose experiment is the Asch Conformity Experiment?

Conformity

Adjusting one’s behavior of thinking to coincide with a group standards.

Kitty Genovese

The Bystander Effect became a subject of significant interest following the brutal murder of this American woman

Stanley Milgram

Whose experiment is the Milgram Obedience Experiment?

Wendell Johnson and Mary Tudor

Whose experiment is the Monster Study?

Informed consent, confidentiality, deception, right to withdraw, risk vs. benefit

APA CODE (1953)

Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)

Composed of laypeople and researchers, evaluate research proposals to make sure that they follow ethical standards.

Informed Consent

A subject or guardian agrees in writing to the subject's participation after relevant details of the experiment have been explained

Informed consent

This description may include risks and benefits, but does not extend to deception or the hypothesis

Consenting

is a process where the researcher clearly communicates the risks and benefits of the study, the voluntary nature of participation in the study, and the expectations from the subject if they agree to participate in the study.

Assent

Used to express willingness to participate in research by persons who are too young to give informed consent but are old enough to understand the proposed research in general

Assent

is the agreement of someone not able to give legal consent to participate in the activity

Confidentiality

that data are securely stored and only used for the purpose explained to the subject

Anonimity

subjects are not identified through name

Deception

May be used when it is the best way to obtain information

Deception

May not be used to minimize participants’ perception of risk or exaggerate their perception of potential benefits

Confederate

Is an experimenter’s accomplice

Full disclosure

Means explaining the true nature and purpose of the study to the subject at the end of their participation or at the completion of the entire experiment

Right to withdraw

Right of a participant to refuse to be in the study or discontinue participation

Debriefing

Experimenter discloses the true nature and purpose of the study to the subject and solicit subjects’ questions at the end of the experiment

Risk vs. benefit

Studies that place subjects at risk increase the chance of harm compared with not participating in the study

Minimal risk studies

do not increase likelihood of injury

Respect for persons, beneficence, justice

Three principles from Belmont Report

Respect for persons

Individuals have the right of SELF-DETERMINATION. Basis of informed consent

Beneficence

Minimize harm and maximize potential benefits. Basis of risk/benefit analysis.

Justice

Fairness in both the burdens and benefits of research.

Animal welfare

The human care and treatment of animals.

Animal rights

The position that sensate species have equal value and rights to humans.

Minimize harm, proper housing and care, justification and scientific value

How do psychologists protect the welfare of animal subjects

minimize harm

procedures must avoid unnecessary pain or distress

proper housing and care

animal subjects must be provided with appropriate living conditions, including food, water, and socialization opportunities.

justification and scientific value

the study must have scientific merit and use the fewer number of animals necessary

Scientific fraud

Falsifying or fabricating data

Plagiarism

Mirsrepresenting someone’s ideas words or written works as your own

Plagiarism

A form of fraud, in which an individual claims false credit for ANOTHER’S ideas, words, or written work

Major contribution

AUTHORSHIP CREDIT should only be given to those who made a ________ to the research or writing

more than once

Researchers should not take credit for the same research ________

cite original publications

The ethical solution to plagiarism: ____________ when republishing data in a journal article or republishing articles in an edited volume

Peer review and replication

The main lines of defense against fraud

Peer review

process filters submitted manuscripts so the only 15-20% of articles are printed

Replication

where researchers attempt to reproduce findings of others, is the second line of defense

Survey research

obtains data about opinions, attitudes, preferences, and behaviors using questionnaires or interviews.

Survey

The ________ approach allows researchers to study private experience, which cannot be directly observed.

Anonymous

__________ surveys can increase accuracy of answers to sensitive questions

causal relationships

The survey approach does not allow us to test hypotheses about ________

specific

Major steps in constructing surveys: 1. Identify ______ research objectives

degree of imposition

Major steps in constructing surveys: 2. decide on the __________ of units

analyze

Major steps in constructing surveys: 3. decide how you will _____ the survey data

Closed questions

Are structured questions

Open-ended questions

Are open questions

Closed questions

Can be answered using a limited number of alternatives and have a high imposition of units.

Open-ended questions

Require that participants respond with more than yes or 1-10 rating and have low imposition of units

closed questions

The number or % of responses can be reported for___________

Open-ended questions

_________ can be analyzed using content analysis— in which responses are assigned to categories using objective rules

Keep items simple and unambiguous and avoid double negatives

Three concerns when constructing questions (1)

Avoid double-barreled (compund) questions

Three concerns when constructing questions (2)

Use exhaustive response choices

Three concerns when constructing questions (3)

Nominal

Assigns items to 2+ distinct categories that can be named using a shared feature

Ordinal

Measures the magnitude of the DV using ranks but does not assign precise values

Interval

Measures the magnitude of the DV using equal intervals between values with NO absolute zero point

ratio

Measures the magnitude of the DV using equal intervals between values with absolute zero point

ratio

It has the characteristics of all the levels of measurement as created by S.S. Stevens

response styles, manifest content, latent content, willingness to answer

Important consideration for survey items

Response style

are tendencies to respond to questions or items without regard to their actual writing

Manifest content

is the plain meaning of the words printed on the page

Latent content

is the hidden or disguised meanings, wishes, and ideas beneath the manifest content of any utterance or other form of communication

Willingness to answer

is the tendency to guess or omit items when unsure

social desirability, malingering/faking bad, moderate/neutral response bias, position reference, acquiescence bias, context effects

Response biases

Social desirability

happens when respondents might sometimes try to exaggerate the psychological problems

Malingering or faking bad

happens when respondents might sometimes try to exaggerate the psychological problems

moderate or neutral response bias

happens when some people will choose a response somewhere in the middle to avoid making a strong claim

Position preference

is selecting an answer based on its position

Acquiescence bias

occurs when an individual agrees with statements without regard for the meaning of those statements

context effects

are changes in question interpretations due to the question position/order