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Utilitarianism
Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill - the notion that what is right or wrong/good and evil is not determined by absolute maxims, but rather one fundamental principle - the right decision is the one that produces the most significant amount of happiness
Deontology
Immanuel Kant - good and evil / right and wrong are determined by universal moral maxims, these maxims are formulated based on categorical imperatives and any violation of said maxims is always wrong
19th Amendment
Amendment Name: 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution
Ratified: August 18, 1920
Purpose: Granted women the right to vote
Suffrage Movement: Fought for women's voting rights
Susan B. Anthony: Prominent suffragist
Seneca Falls Convention: Catalyst for women's suffrage movement
Civil Rights Act
Enacted: July 2, 1964
Purpose: Prohibit discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin
Key provisions:
Desegregation of public facilities
Equal employment opportunity
Voting rights protection
Impact:
Significantly advanced civil rights movement
Paved the way for future anti-discrimination legislation
Legacy:
Inspired other countries to enact similar laws
Continues to shape the fight for equality today
Equal Pay Act
Equal Pay Act:
To prohibit wage discrimination based on gender.
Enacted: Passed by the U.S. Congress in 1963.
Equal Work: Requires equal pay for equal work, regardless of gender.
Enforcement: Administered and enforced by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).
retaliation for asserting their rights under the Act.
Reporting: Requires employers to maintain records of wages, job classifications, and other relevant data.
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 established the EEOC
EEOC enforces federal laws prohibiting workplace discrimination
Investigates complaints of discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, disability, or genetic information
Brown vs Board or Obergefell vs Hodges
Brown vs Board of Education:
Key Issue: Segregation in public schools
Outcome: Overturned the "separate but equal" doctrine
Impact: Declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional
Landmark Case: Paved the way for desegregation in the United States
Obergefell vs Hodges:
Key Issue: Same-sex marriage
Outcome: Legalized same-sex marriage nationwide
Impact: Recognized marriage equality as a fundamental right
Landmark Case: Led to increased LGBTQ+ rights and societal acceptance
Unions
a group of two or more employees who join together to advance common interests such as wages, benefits, schedules and other employment terms and conditions.
Special interests groups
Special interest groups are organizations that advocate for specific causes or issues.
They aim to influence public policy and promote their interests.
Special interest groups can be formed by individuals, businesses, or other organizations.
They often engage in lobbying, fundraising, and grassroots campaigns.
Special interest groups play a significant role in shaping public opinion and influencing government decisions.
Free Market Capitalism
one without government intervention or regulation. In a free market, buyers and sellers arrive at prices based only on supply and demand.
Social Welfare
Social welfare refers to a range of government programs and policies aimed at promoting the well-being and quality of life of individuals and communities.
It includes programs such as healthcare, education, housing assistance, unemployment benefits, and income support.
Social welfare aims to address poverty, inequality, and social exclusion by providing a safety net for those in need.
Social welfare programs are often funded through taxes
Republic
a society in which we elect representatives to portray our perspectives and entrust them with the power to make decisions that govern our everyday lives.
Delegate
a person conveying the beliefs and acting on behalf of a body of people
Trustee
an official given authority by the people to rely on their expertise and resources to make collective decisions on the behalf of the body that elected them
Politico
representation that combines both a delegate and trustee approach to an issue
Federalism
a system of government where power is divided between a central authority and regional governments.
Federal Framework
Federal, State, Local
Deficit Spending
Spending money you do not have
Zero Sum
finite set of resources for allocation
Ukraine War
Key Players: Russia, Ukraine, Pro-Russian Separatists
Causes: Annexation of Crimea, Ethnic tensions, Political instability
Timeline: 2014 - Present
Conflict Zones: Eastern Ukraine, Donetsk, Luhansk
Humanitarian Impact: Displacement of civilians, Casualties, Destruction of infrastructure
International Response: Sanctions against Russia, Diplomatic negotiations
Minsk Agreements: Ceasefire agreements, Failed implementation
Geopolitical Implications: Russia-West relations, NATO-Ukraine relations
War Crimes: Allegations of human rights abuses, Violations of international law
Peace Efforts: Normandy Format, Trilateral Contact Group, OSCE monitoring mission
North Korea
Capital: Pyongyang
Leader: Kim Jong Un
Official language: Korean
Government: Totalitarian dictatorship
Nuclear weapons: Possesses nuclear capabilities
Human rights: Criticized for widespread abuses
Economy: Isolated and heavily centralized
Military: Large and well-equipped armed forces
Relations with the world: Tense and isolated
Propaganda: State-controlled media and censorship
Hypothetical Imperatives
rule of conduct that is understood to apply to an individual only if they desire a certain end and has chosen to act on that desire.
Categorical Imperatives
commands or moral laws all persons must follow, regardless of their desires or extenuating circumstances
The Universalizability Principle
Before acting, consider if everyone else should do it
The Formula of Humanity
Do not use human as mere means. Recognize humans as their own.
Maxim
rule or principle
Act v. Rule Utilitarianism
Act - Choose action that allows the greatest good for the greatest number
Rule - Live by rules that are likely to lead to the greatest good for the greated number
Hedonism
the ethical theory that pleasure is the highest good and proper aim of human life.
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