Civics - Ethics - Week 1

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Utilitarianism

Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill - the notion that what is right or wrong/good and evil is not determined by absolute maxims, but rather one fundamental principle - the right decision is the one that produces the most significant amount of happiness

Deontology

Immanuel Kant - good and evil / right and wrong are determined by universal moral maxims, these maxims are formulated based on categorical imperatives and any violation of said maxims is always wrong

19th Amendment

* Amendment Name: 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution
* Ratified: August 18, 1920
* Purpose: Granted women the right to vote
* Suffrage Movement: Fought for women's voting rights
* Susan B. Anthony: Prominent suffragist
* Seneca Falls Convention: Catalyst for women's suffrage movement

Civil Rights Act

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* Enacted: July 2, 1964
* Purpose: Prohibit discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin
* Key provisions:
* Desegregation of public facilities
* Equal employment opportunity
* Voting rights protection
* Impact:
* Significantly advanced civil rights movement
* Paved the way for future anti-discrimination legislation
* Legacy:
* Inspired other countries to enact similar laws
* Continues to shape the fight for equality today

Equal Pay Act

* Equal Pay Act:
* To prohibit wage discrimination based on gender.
* Enacted: Passed by the U.S. Congress in 1963.
* Equal Work: Requires equal pay for equal work, regardless of gender.
* Enforcement: Administered and enforced by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).
* retaliation for asserting their rights under the Act.
* Reporting: Requires employers to maintain records of wages, job classifications, and other relevant data.

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

* Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 established the EEOC
* EEOC enforces federal laws prohibiting workplace discrimination
* Investigates complaints of discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, disability, or genetic information

Brown vs Board or Obergefell vs Hodges

Brown vs Board of Education:

* Key Issue: Segregation in public schools
* Outcome: Overturned the "separate but equal" doctrine
* Impact: Declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional
* Landmark Case: Paved the way for desegregation in the United States

Obergefell vs Hodges:

* Key Issue: Same-sex marriage
* Outcome: Legalized same-sex marriage nationwide
* Impact: Recognized marriage equality as a fundamental right
* Landmark Case: Led to increased LGBTQ+ rights and societal acceptance

Unions

a group of two or more employees who join together to advance common interests such as wages, benefits, schedules and other employment terms and conditions.

Special interests groups

* Special interest groups are organizations that advocate for specific causes or issues.
* They aim to influence public policy and promote their interests.
* Special interest groups can be formed by individuals, businesses, or other organizations.
* They often engage in lobbying, fundraising, and grassroots campaigns.
* Special interest groups play a significant role in shaping public opinion and influencing government decisions.

Free Market Capitalism

 one without government intervention or regulation. In a free market, buyers and sellers arrive at prices based only on supply and demand.

Social Welfare

* Social welfare refers to a range of government programs and policies aimed at promoting the well-being and quality of life of individuals and communities.
* It includes programs such as healthcare, education, housing assistance, unemployment benefits, and income support.
* Social welfare aims to address poverty, inequality, and social exclusion by providing a safety net for those in need.
* Social welfare programs are often funded through taxes

Republic

a society in which we elect representatives to portray our perspectives and entrust them with the power to make decisions that govern our everyday lives.

Delegate

a person conveying the beliefs and acting on behalf of a body of people

Trustee

an official given authority by the people to rely on their expertise and resources to make collective decisions on the behalf of the body that elected them

Politico

representation that combines both a delegate and trustee approach to an issue

Federalism

a system of government where power is divided between a central authority and regional governments.

Federal Framework

Federal, State, Local

Deficit Spending

Spending money you do not have

Zero Sum

finite set of resources for allocation

Ukraine War

* Key Players: Russia, Ukraine, Pro-Russian Separatists
* Causes: Annexation of Crimea, Ethnic tensions, Political instability
* Timeline: 2014 - Present
* Conflict Zones: Eastern Ukraine, Donetsk, Luhansk
* Humanitarian Impact: Displacement of civilians, Casualties, Destruction of infrastructure
* International Response: Sanctions against Russia, Diplomatic negotiations
* Minsk Agreements: Ceasefire agreements, Failed implementation
* Geopolitical Implications: Russia-West relations, NATO-Ukraine relations
* War Crimes: Allegations of human rights abuses, Violations of international law
* Peace Efforts: Normandy Format, Trilateral Contact Group, OSCE monitoring mission

North Korea

* Capital: Pyongyang
* Leader: Kim Jong Un
* Official language: Korean
* Government: Totalitarian dictatorship
* Nuclear weapons: Possesses nuclear capabilities
* Human rights: Criticized for widespread abuses
* Economy: Isolated and heavily centralized
* Military: Large and well-equipped armed forces
* Relations with the world: Tense and isolated
* Propaganda: State-controlled media and censorship

Hypothetical Imperatives

 rule of conduct that is understood to apply to an individual only if they desire a certain end and has chosen to act on that desire.

Categorical Imperatives

commands or moral laws all persons must follow, regardless of their desires or extenuating circumstances

The Universalizability Principle

Before acting, consider if everyone else should do it

The Formula of Humanity

Do not use human as mere means. Recognize humans as their own.

Maxim

rule or principle

Act v. Rule Utilitarianism

Act - Choose action that allows the greatest good for the greatest number

Rule - Live by rules that are likely to lead to the greatest good for the greated number

Hedonism

the ethical theory that pleasure is the highest good and proper aim of human life.